Dosage Forms/Drug Delivery EXAM 2

Compressed tablets

tablets made by mixing active ingredients with inactive ingredients (excipients with specific functions) and compressing the powder into a definite shape

Sugar-coated tablets

tablets coated with sugar to mask objectionable tastes. May increase tablet size by 50%

Film-coated tablets

tablets with a coating more durable than sugar

Enteric-coated tablets

tablets coated in a substance made to withstand the stomach’s acidity and instead dissolve in the small intestine. Popular choice for medications that may irritate the stomach

Sublingual tablets

tablets that dissolve in the oral mucosa via placement under the tongue. Provide quick onset and prevent meds from being destroyed by gastric juices

Buccal tablets

tablets that dissolve in the oral mucosa via placement in the buccal pouch. Provide quick onset and prevent meds from being destroyed by gastric juices

Chewable tablets

tablets that are able to be chewed and are usually flavored. Useful for children and elderly patients

Effervescent tablets

tablets made to dissolve in a fluid and then drunk

Tablet triturates

compounded small tablets made to dissolve quickly in the mouth. Uncommon nowadays

Vaginal tablets

tablets dispensed with an applicator for use in the vagina

Wet Granulation

process whereby powder is blended with liquid binder to create granules that are then dried and compressed into tablets

Dry Granulation

process by which powders are rolled and milled into smaller granules, blended with a lubricant, and compressed into tablets

Direct Compression

cheapest and most preferable process by which free flowing and cohesive powders are able to be directly compressed into tablets without further processing

Friability Test

test used to determine the hardness or tendency of a tablet to break when exposed to stress

Tablets intended to dissolve ___ are usually made intentionally ___

slowly, hard

Compressed tablets may be made to withstand ___ tons of pressure

20

Caliper

instrument used to measure tablet thickness

There is a + or - ___% allowed by caliper measurement

5

The USP tests tablet disintegration using ___ methods

in vitro

Hard Gelatin Capsules

Competes with tablets for most common dosage form, does not require adherents during manufacturing, some may be filled with beads and are meant to be opened, others simply contain loose powder

The extra measure of safety in the form of a wrap around hard gelatin capsules to ensure they are tamper-proof is called ___

banding

Hard gelatin capsules are insoluble in ___ water but are soluble in ___ water

cold, hot

In terms of hard gelatin capsule sizing a higher number indicates a ___ capsule

smaller

Soft Gelatin Capsules

A flexible capsule that adds glycerin or sorbitol to the hard gelatin capsule recipe, usually manufactured to contain liquids, not compounded in pharmacies

Soft gelatin capsules are usually ___ in water

insoluble

Molality

moles of solute in 1000g of solvent

Molarity

moles of solute per 1000ml of solvent

Normality

grams equivalent weight (mEq) of solute in 1000ml of solvent

Osmosis

the passage of pure solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane into a solution

The presence of particles in a solution causes the vapor pressure to ___

decrease

Osmotic Pressure

The excess pressure that must be applied to the solvent to prevent the passage of the pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane into an area with a higher solute presence

Isosmotic

term used to describe two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure

Isotonic

term used when two biological fluids have the same osmotic pressure

Electrolytes

Solutes that, when dissociated, present more particles in a solution and will yield a higher osmotic pressure

Van’t Hoff (i) Factor

The dissociation factor of particles in a solution

Hypertonic

When one solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another, leading to plasmolysis

Hypotonic

When one solution has a lower osmotic pressure than another, leading to cytolysis

The presence of particles in a solution causes the freezing point to ___

decrease

The presence of particles in a solution causes the boiling point to ___

increase

Sodium Chloride Equivalents (E)

The needed weight of NaCl that would have the same freezing point depression as 1 gram of drug in 1000 ml (an evaluation of the relative ionic strength of the API as compared to NaCl)

Solutions that have lower osmotic pressure than body fluids are ___

hypotonic

Solutions that have higher osmotic pressure than body fluids are ___

hypertonic

Osmolarity

The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of particles per liter (mOsmol/L)

Osmolarity is a concentration expression which combines ___ and ___

molar concentration, osmotic pressure

mOsmol

mmol x number of particles

Tonicity of blood

290 mOsmol/L

Isotonic value

240-340 mOsmol/L

Hypotonic value

<240 mOsmol/L

Hypertonic value

>340 mOsmol/L

Mole

The molecular weight (atomic weight) of a substance in grams. Defined as 6.02214076×10²3 particles

Milliequivalents (mEq)

Express the concentration of electrolyte in solution; a measure of the “chemical activity” of an electrolyte- think VALENCE

Equivalent Weight

atomic weight/valence (mEq)

The weight of a molecule such as NaCl is represented by the ___

mg

The number of molecules of NaCl are represented by the ___

mole (mmol)

The concentration of electrolytes in a solution is represented by ___

mEq

Osmoles

The total number of particles in a solution

Parenterals

Medications/nutrients administered via a route other than the GI tract, usually by injection

Pyrogen

fever producing organic substance from microbes

A ___ is used when rapid drug action is desired, a drug is not effective when given by other routes, and/or an increase in compliance is needed

parenteral

Parenterals must be ___ and ___

sterile, isotonic

Intraarticular

into/between articulating joints

Intrathecal

directly into cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Intravenous

into veins

Intramuscular

into muscle

Subcutaneous

under the skin

Thrombus

blood clot formed in the vessel due to a slowing of blood flow

Embolus

a circulating thrombus

Embolsim

an embolus obstructing a vessel creating a blockage

Pulmonary embolism

obstruction in microvasculature of the lungs

The flu, Prevnar, tDap, and Shingrix vaccines are all ___

intramuscular

Areas of IM injection

deltoid, quadricep, glutes

Insulin and GLP1s are examples of ___ injections

subcutaneous

The three USP 797 risks are

low risk, medium risk, high risk

CSP

Compounded Sterile Products

What is the purpose of sodium chloride as an excipient in a parenteral?

to help achieve isotonicity

What is the purpose of sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate as an excipient in a parenteral?

to create a pH buffer

What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide as an excipient in a parenteral?

to increase pH

What is the purpose of hydrochloride acid as an excipient in a parenteral?

to decrease pH

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

Sterilized water designed for topical use; packaged in less than 1L package if given via IV

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

Sterilized water with added antimicrobial, packaged in 30ml vials or less; choice for multiple-dose vials, NOT safe for neonates

Sodium Chloride for Injection

Sterile, isotonic solution with no antimicrobials; sodium and chloride ions are 154mEq per liter of each

Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride, USP

Sterile sodium chloride with added antimicrobial, packaged in 30ml vials or less; choice for multiple-dose vials, NOT safe for neonates

Ringer’s Solution, USP

Solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water; may be an injection vehicle or a no-drug fluid replenisher

Lactated Ringer’s Solution, USP

Solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate (calories) in water; may be an injection vehicle or a no-drug fluid replenisher

What is the purpose of zinc as an excipient in a parenteral?

maintains conformational integrity of drug structure

What is the purpose of m-cresol as an excipient in a parenteral?

preservative

What is the purpose of glycerol as an excipient in a parenteral?

solvent

Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs)

Purified antibodies produced by a specific source of cells, engineered to recognize/bind to a single specific antigen. Used in tests such as COVID and pregnancy

What is the purpose of mannitol as an excipient in a parenteral?

isotonicity

What is SNAC and how does it work?

Penetration enhancer that increases the pH in the stomach to protect the medication from degradation and then affects transcellular pathways that allow large molecules to be absorbed in the stomach

Eyedrops must be ___ and follow guidelines mandated by USP ___

sterile, 797

A ___ micron filter is sufficient to remove microorganisms

0.22

Eyedrops require ___ in order to avoid eye irritation

isotonicity

Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate, tromethamine, acetic acid, and sodium acetate are examples of ___?

buffers

Benzalkonium chloride, benzododecinum bromide, and edetate disodium are examples of ___?

preservatives

Mannitol is an example of a ___?

humectant

Microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are examples of ___?

gel formers

Polysorbate 80, phenylethyl alcohol are examples of ___

solvents

boric acid, dextrose, sodium chloride are examples of ___?

tonicity agents

A purple cap on an eye drop bottle represents ___?

adrenergic agonist/glaucoma treatment