f - Ionic bonding

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1f (1.37-43)

Chemistry

IGCSE Chemistry

Edexcel

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20 Terms

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Ions form…

when atoms lose/gain electrons
Negative ions (anions) form when atoms gain electrons
Positive ions (cations) form when atoms lose electrons

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Using group number to predict ions formed

Groups 1, 2, 3 are metals. They lose electrons to form +ve ions.

Groups 5, 6, 7, are non-metals. They gain electrons to form -ve ions.

Elements in same group have same number of electrons in outer shell
So can lose/gain same number of outer electrons
So form ions with same charge

<p><strong>Groups 1, 2, 3 </strong>are <strong>metals</strong>. They <strong>lose electrons </strong>to form <strong>+ve ions</strong>.</p><p><strong>Groups 5, 6, 7, </strong>are <strong>non-metals</strong>. They <strong>gain electrons</strong> to form <strong>-ve ions</strong>.</p><p>Elements in same <strong>group</strong> have same number of <strong>electrons</strong> in <strong>outer shell</strong><br>So can <strong>lose/gain</strong> same number of outer electrons<br>So form ions with <strong>same charge</strong></p>
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Silver

Ag⁺

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Copper

Cu²⁺

5
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Iron(II)

Fe²⁺

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Iron(III)

Fe³⁺

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Lead

Pb²⁺

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Zinc

Zn²⁺

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Hydrogen

H⁺

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Hydroxide

OH⁻

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Ammonium

NH₄⁺

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Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

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Nitrate

NO₃⁻

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Sulfate

SO₄²⁻

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Ionic compounds are produced by…

transfer of electrons

  • When metal + non-metal react, metal atom loses electrons to form positive ion and non-metal gains these electrons to form negative ion

<p>transfer of electrons</p><ul><li><p>When <strong>metal</strong> + <strong>non-metal </strong>react, <strong>metal atom loses</strong> electrons to form <strong>positive</strong> ion and <strong>non-metal gains these electrons</strong> to form <strong>negative ion</strong></p></li></ul>
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Formula of ionic compounds

Ionic compounds are made up of positively charged part + negatively charged part

Overall charge of ionic compound = 0

So negative charges must balance positive charges

<p>Ionic compounds are made up of <strong>positively charged </strong>part + <strong>negatively charged </strong>part</p><p><strong>Overall charge </strong>of <strong>ionic compound</strong> = <strong>0</strong></p><p>So <strong>negative charges </strong>must <strong>balance positive charges</strong></p>
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Ionic dot and cross diagrams

  • Dots represent electrons from one of the atoms

  • Crosses represent atoms from the other atom

<ul><li><p>Dots represent electrons from one of the atoms</p></li><li><p>Crosses represent atoms from the other atom</p></li></ul>
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Ionic bond

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

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Giant ionic lattice

  • Compounds with ionic bonding have giant ionic structures

  • Ions held together in closely packed 3D lattice

  • Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions is very strong

  • → a lot of energy needed to overcome strong attraction

  • → high melting + boiling points

<ul><li><p>Compounds with <strong>ionic bonding </strong>have <strong>giant ionic structures</strong></p></li><li><p>Ions held together in <strong>closely packed </strong>3D lattice</p></li><li><p>Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions is <strong>very strong</strong></p></li><li><p>→ <strong>a lot of energy </strong>needed to overcome strong attraction</p></li><li><p>→ <strong>high melting + boiling points</strong></p></li></ul>
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Ionic compound electrical conductivity

  • Solid - don’t conduct electricity

  • Molten/in aqueous solution - conduct electricity

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