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46 Terms
Bureaucracy
A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
Bureaucrat
A career government employee.
Executive Department
often called the cabinet departments, they are the traditional units of federal administration
Civil Service
A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service.
Regulatory Commission
independent agency created by Congress that can make rules concerning certain activities and bring violators to court
General Accounting Office
Created in 1921 to perform routine audits of the money spent by executive departments. It also investigates agencies and makes recommendations on every aspect of government.
Spoils system
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
Merit System
A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.
Office of Personal Management
The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process.
Pendleton Act
1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons
Hatch Act
A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics during work.
implementation
The process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules or spending.
Discretionary Authority
The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.
Federal Registrar
publication containing all federal regulations and notifications of regulatory agency hearings
Iron Triangle
A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group
Uncontrollable spending
The portion of the Federal budget that is spent on programs, such as Social Security, that the president and Congress are unwilling to cut.
entitlement programs
Government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to by law, regardless of need.
Sunshine Acts
an act that requires most meetings of major administrative agencies to be open to the public
Freedom of Information act
Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy
Oversight
the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies
Chevron Defense
federal courts defer to agency interpretations of ambiguous statutes that congress empowered the agency to implement
Continuing Resolution
A temporary funding law that Congress passes when an appropriations bill has not been decided by the beginning of the new fiscal year
Special Prosecutor
Works for the Justice Department but conducts and independent investigation
Patronage System
Same as the spoils system
The Cabnit
Group of presidential advisory not mentioned in constitution. Made up of 14 secretaries the attorney general and others chosen by president.
Government Shutdown
the closure of nonessential offices of the government due to lack of approval on the federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year
House ways and means committee
The House of Representatives committee that, along with the Senate Finance Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole.
Senate Finance Committee
The Senate committee that, along with the House Ways and Means Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole.
OMB
Office of Management and Budget; prepares the federal budget and monitors spending
CBO
Congressional Budget Office. This assesses the economic implications and likely costs of proposed federal programs
Appropriations Bill
An act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. Appropriations usually cover one year.
Authorization Bill
An act of Congress that establishes, continues, or changes a discretionary government program or an entitlement. It specifies program goals and maximum expenditures for discretionary programs.
Executive Orders
Regulations originating with the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy.
Note 
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