UNIT 6: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

TOPIC: Language, Linguistics

mother tongue/first language

(n)  /tʌŋ/

the difference in sounds between my tiếng mẹ đẻ and English.

to comprehend

(v) /ˌkɑːm.prəˈhend/

(adj) comprehensible

to explain everything clearly and in a way that is easy to hiểu.

native speaker

(n) /ˈspiː.kɚ/

You can't even hold a conversation with a người bản xứ.

demonstrate

(v) /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/

These numbers clearly minh hoạ (làm rõ, cho thấy) the size of it.

a means of communication

(n) /kəˌmjuː.nəˈkeɪ.ʃən/

English as một phương tiện giao tiếp is made up of elements that can be combined in different ways.

study overseas/abroad

(v) /əˈbrɑːd/

If you want to đi du học, , English is one of the essential requirements.

interact with

(v) /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈækt/

Practice speaking skills by tương tác với foreigners.

to hold a conversation

(v)  /ˌkɑːn.vɚˈseɪ.ʃən/

The thing/What I want even more than a good IELTS score is the ability giữ mạch nói chuyện (nói liên tục, không ngắt/đứt đoạn) with a native speaker.

clarify

(v) /ˈkler.ə.faɪ/

It’s important to be able to làm rõ your ideas in the speaking test. 

Universal (language) & Worldwide phenomenon

(n) /ˌjuː.nəˈvɝː.səl/ /fəˈnɑː.mə.nɑːn/

English has become a ngôn ngữ toàn cầu these days.

to find + something + tough

(v) /tʌf/

I thấy pronunciation in learning English là khó-est part.

Once in a while/every now and then/from time to time

(adv) /waɪl/

Thỉnh thoảng, you need to be able to put down your textbook.

In other words

 /wɝːd/

(thường đứng đầu câu và có dấu phẩy)

She said the movie was a bit boring. Nói cách khác thì, she didn't/doesn’t like it.

play a vital role

(v)  /ˈvaɪ.t̬əl/

The learning methods employed (áp dụng) also đóng vai trò quan trọng.

There is no point in

/waɪl/

Chả có lợi ích gì nếu just knowing single words.

time-consuming and frustrating

(adj) /ˈtaɪm kənsuːmɪŋ/ /ˈfrʌs.treɪ.t̬ɪŋ/

It’s a tốn thời gian và gây bực mình/khó chịu process to correct my mispronunciations

overwhelmed by

(adj) /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwelm/

I was just bị làm choáng ngợp all the vocabulary.

sign language

(n) /ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/

It is not a spoken language. but rather a ngôn ngữ ký hiệu (# body language – ngôn ngữ cử chỉ)

without much difficulty / effortlessly

(adv) /ˈdɪf.ə.kəl.t̬i/ /ˈefərtləsli/

I could produce essays and translate texts một cách dễ dàng/không gặp khó khăn gì.

a nightmare

(n) /ˈnaɪt.mer/

To retake the IELTS test is rất khó khăn/là cơn ác mộng .

mispronunciations = misspelled words

(n) /ˌmɪs.prəˌnʌn.siˈeɪ.ʃən/ /ˌmɪsˈspeld/

a long process to correct my các lỗi phát âm sai.

Mis- thường được dùng để chỉ sự nhầm lẫn/tệ hại/không phù hợp

(E.g. mispronounce, misbehave, misunderstand)

the most demanding

 /dɪˈmæn.dɪŋ/

Learning a new language can be one of đòi hỏi nhất (nhiều yêu cầu phải đạt được nhất) areas of cognition (nhận thức, tư duy).

That’s an interesting/a tough question

/ˈɪn.trɪ.stɪŋ/

Do you think English will be replaced in the future?

Đó là một câu hỏi hay/thú vị. Maybe  

Khi gặp một số các câu hỏi Part 3 khó/lạ, thí sinh có thể đưa nhận xét về câu hỏi trước khi trả lời (hạn chế việc lạm dụng)

refer to

(v) /rɪˈfɜːr/

The others have to guess which photograph we were nói tới/Nhắc đến cái gì (cách nói formal).

the next most/the second most

/ˈsek.ənd/

Pronunciation is cái tiếp theo/nhì difficult after vocabulary for me.

Chúng ta có thể modify superlatives (so sánh nhất) với một Ordinal number (E.g. second most difficult, third richest man in the world)

Needless to say

/ˈniːd.ləs/

The tanker (tàu chở dầu) spilled (làm đổ/tràn) 5,000 megalitres oil into the ocean. Đương nhiên là/không cần nói cũng biết là, this had a devastating (/ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/ - tàn phá,phá hoại) effect.

to say the least

 /liːst/

Life without a constant supply of water can be difficult, Ít ra mà nói thì

When all is said and done

/sed/

Sau tất cả/rốt cuộc thì/tổng kết lại thì, there is little we can do to save the environment…

get used to Ving

(v) /juːst/

It took me a while to làm quen với driving on the left side 

It doesn’t matter whether

/ˈmæt̬.ɚ/

Dù thế này hay thế kia, cũng không quan trọng you finish your homework tonight or tomorrow

cấu trúc này có tính informal, thường được dùng trong Speaking.

Having said that

Nuclear power has its problems. Mặc dù vậy, many people believe it’s the energy source of the future

(cách nói informal – trong văn nói)

By the time + mốc thời gian

Cho đến khi I got to university, I could speak English fluently.

Nói ngắn gọn thì “by…” sẽ nhấn mạnh vào “tính thời điểm” còn “until…” nhấn mạnh vào quá trình. 

by the time khi bạn đề cập đến deadline còn until khi bạn đề cập đến khoảng thời gian trước thời hạn.

As far as I’m concerned

/kənˈsɝːnd/

Theo tôi thì, English is one of the most difficult languages.

(cách nói informal)
= In my opinion/personally speaking

as much as you can/as much as possible

/mʌtʃ/

You also need to practice with native speakers of the language càng nhiều càng tốt.

details/specifics of

(n) /ˈdiː.teɪl/

We don't know the full các chi tiết của the story yet.

accuracy

(n) /ˈækjərəsi/

the ability to do something without making mistakes

Communication was more important than khả năng/độ chính xác

language barrier

(n) /ˈbæriər/

something that prevents successful communication

There was a very real rào cản ngôn ngữ.

fluency

(n) /ˈfluːənsi/

the ability to speak without hesitation

Sự lưu loát/trôi chảy is what helps you to function properly.

function

(v) /ˈfʌŋkʃn/

work or carry out daily tasks

Fluency is what helps you to vận hành properly.

There is something to be said for sth/doing sth  

there are/are not good reasons for doing something, believing something or agreeing with something

Nó tốt để switching to solar energy, although it is still too expensive for many people.

You can say that again!

(informal) I agree with you completely

Bill: Hello, Sam, what a surprise meeting you here! 

Sam: Tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý với bạn!        

have a/your say  

(informal) to have the opportunity to express yourself fully about something

I think it’s important for everyone to có tiếng nói in how the government is elected.

That is to say

​in other words

There is a clear link between humans and environmental problems, nói cách khác wherever humans live, they damage the environment in some way.

incoherent

(adj) /ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪrənt/

unable to express yourself clearly, often because of emotion

I can’t understand what he is saying. He’s almost không mạch lạc.

textbook

(n) /ˈtekstbʊk/

a book that teaches a particular subject and that is used especially in schools and colleges

I learned English from a sách giáo khoa, so I don’t really understand it when it is spoken

correspond

(v)

recap

(v)

recall

(v)

indicate 

(v)  

signify

(v)

stutter

(v)

conjecture 

connotation

verbalise

imply

intimate

propose

state

narrate

recount 

contradict

profound

Deaf people are making a profound contribution to the study of language

arise

Just as biologists rarely see a new species arise

dialect

Linguists rarely get to discover an unknown dialect or even better, to see a new language being born.

formation

Academics have been able to follow the formation of a new language in Nicaragua.

spontaneously

The catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which arose spontaneously in deaf children.

evolved

Ann Senghas, of Columbia University, in New York, is one of the linguists who have been studying the way these have gradually evolved in Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL).

instruct

Initially, the children were instructed by teachers who could hear.

unpack

Concepts that an older signer uses a single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into separate signs by youngsters.

converse

Dr Senghas showed this by asking signers of different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each could see.

intrigue

What intrigues the linguists is that, for a sign language to emerge spontaneously,

inherent

deaf children must have some inherent tendency to link gestures to meaning. 

persevere

To successfully master a language, its learners must be patient and must have the will to persevere.

staggering

There will be a staggering number of differences between the learner's mother tongue and the foreign language

comes down to

It all comes down to patience.

specialist

But from my personal experience, a good English teacher must be a subject specialist.

manner

That is to say that he/she must be an expert in the language usage in an academic manner.

reinforcements

A mixed combination of positive and negative reinforcements

delicately

I believe that a mixed combination of positive and negative reinforcements should be delicately used to boost the students’ morality.

backpackers

there is a trend in learning Vietnamese among foreigners, especially Western backpackers

exceptionally

most foreigners find this exceptionally confusing.

phonetic symbols

I bet it's the area of phonetic symbols that they find most difficult.