TT 3 15-20

Agnatha

Superclass of jawless fishes, includes lampreys and hagfish.

Chondrichthyes

Class of cartilaginous fishes that include sharks and rays.

Triploblastic

Organisms with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Coelomate

Organisms that possess a body cavity (coelom) for complex structures.

Deuterostome

Organisms in which the mouth develops secondarily to the anus.

Myxini

Class of hagfish, known for producing slime and being marine scavengers.

Hyperoartia

Class of lampreys, characterized by a parasitic lifestyle and a complete cartilaginous skeleton.

Gnathostomes

Jawed vertebrates that evolved from jawless ancestors.

Elasmobranchii

Subclass of Chondrichthyes, includes sharks and rays.

Holocephali

Subclass of cartilaginous fishes, known for primitive characteristics like a single gill slit.

Bony Fish

Osteichthyes, class characterized by a bony skeleton and diversified aquatic adaptations.

Operculum

Bony flap that covers gills in bony fishes, helps in water flow control.

Counter-Current Exchange System

Method that maximizes oxygen extraction by maintaining a gradient during respiration in gills.

Lungs

Respiratory organs that evolved in some fish to allow survival in low-oxygen environments.

Amniotic Egg

Eggs that have a protective shell and contain membranes for the developing embryo, allowing reproduction away from water.

Tetrapods

Vertebrates with four limbs, evolved adaptations for life on land from aquatic ancestors.

Ectothermic

Organisms that rely on external sources to regulate body temperature.

Endothermic

Organisms that regulate their body temperature through internal metabolic processes.

Metanephric Kidneys

Kidneys of mammals adapted for efficient water conservation and excretion of urea.

Mammary Glands

Glands in female mammals that produce milk for nourishing young.

Viviparous

Reproductive strategy where young develop inside the body and are born alive.

Oviparous

Reproductive strategy where eggs are laid and develop outside the mother's body.

Ovoviviparous

Reproductive strategy where eggs hatch within the female's body, with no direct nourishment from the mother.

What does bilaterally symmetrical mean in organisms?

Body has a left and right side that are mirror images.

What does triploblastic mean?

Organisms with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

What does coelomate refer to?

Organisms that possess a body cavity (coelom) for complex structures.

What is a deuterostome?

Organisms in which the mouth develops secondarily to the anus.

What does segmented mean in biology?

Organisms that have repeated units in their body structure.

What is a vertebrae?

A derived characteristic of vertebrates, serving as the backbone.

What are jaws in evolutionary terms?

Significant evolutionary achievement for vertebrates, enhancing foraging capabilities.

What role do lungs play in some fish?

Respiratory organs that evolved to allow survival in low-oxygen environments.

What is an amniotic egg?

Eggs that have a protective shell and contain membranes for the developing embryo, allowing reproduction away from water.

What characterizes superclass Agnatha?

Most primitive of the early fishes, includes lampreys and hagfish.

What are the key characteristics of Class Myxini (hagfish)?

Produce slime for protection, entirely marine scavengers, lack a complete skeleton.

What is unique about Class Hyperoartia (lampreys)?

More derived than hagfish, possess a complete cartilaginous skeleton and have a parasitic lifestyle.

What are the adaptations of jaw evolution?

Jaws originated from modifications of bony gill arches, enhancing feeding capabilities.

What are some general characteristics of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)?

Possess well-developed sensory organs, internal fertilization, and varying reproductive modes.

What are the defining features of subclasses Elasmobranchii?

Include sharks and rays, characterized by a divided stomach and advanced locomotion.

What distinguishes subclass Holocephali?

Known for primitive characteristics like a single gill slit and limited representatives.

What is the general characteristic of Osteichthyes?

Largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates with bony skeletons.

What is the function of the operculum in bony fishes?

Bony flap that covers gills, helps in controlling water flow.

What is the counter-current exchange system?

Method that maximizes oxygen extraction during respiration in gills.

What is the significance of lungs in fish?

Adaptation to survive in low-oxygen environments.

What is unique about tetrapods?

Vertebrates with four limbs, showing adaptations for life on land from aquatic ancestors.

What is endothermy?

Organisms that regulate their body temperature through internal metabolic processes.

What defines viviparous organisms?

Reproductive strategy where young develop inside the body and are born alive.

What distinguishes oviparous organisms?

Reproductive strategy where eggs are laid and develop outside the mother's body.

What is ovoviviparous reproduction?

Reproductive strategy where eggs hatch within the female's body without direct

What are the general characteristics of superclass Agnatha?

Jawless fishes that include lampreys and hagfish, with a notochord persisting throughout life, slender eel-like bodies, 7 paired gill openings, and a simple heart (single atrium and ventricle).

What are the general characteristics of Class Myxini (hagfish)?

Produce slime for protection, are entirely marine scavengers, have a cartilaginous skull and rudimentary vertebrae, and show little known about reproduction; some species are hermaphrodites.

What are the general characteristics of Class Hyperoartia (lampreys)?

More derived than hagfish with a complete cartilaginous skeleton, exhibit parasitic behavior by rasping through fish flesh to siphon body fluids, and have a lifecycle that includes a long larval period.

What are the general characteristics of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)?

Characterized by jaws, internal fertilization, well-developed sensory organs, and a range of reproductive modes including ovoviviparous and oviparous.

What are the general characteristics of subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)?

Have a divided stomach for digestion, utilize efficient gas exchange aided by spiracles, and possess a 2-chambered heart indicating single circulation.

What distinguishes subclass Holocephali?

Known for primitive characteristics like a single gill slit, fusion of teeth, and a lack of placoid scales.

What are the general characteristics of Osteichthyes (bony fishes)?

Largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates with bony skeletons, operculum for water control, and a counter-current exchange system for efficient respiration.

What is an amniotic egg?

An egg that has a protective shell and contains membranes for the developing embryo, allowing reproduction away from water.

What is the structure of the amniotic egg?

The structure includes a yolk sac for nutrition, chorion for gas exchange, allantois for waste disposal and gas exchange, and amnion which is the fluid-filled sac surrounding

What are mammals generally characterized by?

Mammals are characterized by the presence of mammary glands, hair or fur, three middle ear bones, and typically give live birth.

What is a derived characteristic of mammals?

The presence of hair or fur, which provides insulation and camouflage.

What is the role of mammary glands in mammals?

Mammary glands produce milk to nourish young after birth.

How have vertebrae modifications in mammals evolved?

Vertebrae in mammals are modified to support various forms of locomotion and adapt to life on land.

What defines the organ systems in mammals?

Mammals possess complex organ systems, including a pulmonary system for breathing and a systemic circulation for transporting blood.

What is the function of metanephric kidneys in mammals?

Metanephric kidneys allow for efficient water conservation and excretion of urea.

What are the components of a mammal's heart?

Mammal hearts typically have four chambers, which separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood for efficient circulation.

What is the function of nephrons in mammalian kidneys?

Nephrons are the functional units of kidneys responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

How do mammals reproduce?

Mammals reproduce through internal fertilization, with many species showing parental care after birth.

What are the general locomotion adaptations in mammals?

Mammals exhibit diverse locomotion adaptations including running, flying (in bats), swimming, and climbing.

What are the cranial modifications in mammals?

Cranial modifications include specialized skull structures and types of teeth for various feeding strategies.

What is the significance of dentition in mammals?

Dentition refers to the arrangement and types of teeth, which vary among species according to diet.

What are the types of teeth in mammals?

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, adapted for different types of food intake.

What are general characteristics of the Order Rodentia?

Rodents have continuously growing incisors, a high reproductive rate, and are highly diverse in habitats.

What are general characteristics of the Order Chiroptera?

Bats belong to this order, characterized by wings formed from a membrane stretched between elongated fingers, adapted for flight.

What are tactile adaptations in mammals?

Tactile adaptations include sensitive whiskers and skin that enhance touch detection.

What are auditory adaptations in mammals?

Auditory adaptations involve specialized ear structures for improved hearing capabilities.

What are olfactory adaptations in mammals?

Olfactory adaptations include enhanced sense of smell, particularly important for communication and finding food.

What is electroreception in some mammals?

Electroreception is the ability to detect electric fields in the environment, found in some species like the plat

What are the general characteristics of Eulipotophyta?

Eulipotophyta, which includes the class of mammals known as eulipotyphlans, are characterized by having small to medium-sized bodies, a reliance on a diet of invertebrates, and adaptations for a burrowing lifestyle, such as a long snout and sensitive whiskers.

What are the general characteristics of Primates?

Primates are characterized by flexible limb structure, forward-facing eyes for depth perception, grasping hands and feet, and a complex social structure and behaviors.

What are the general characteristics of Carnivora?

Carnivora, which includes animals such as dogs, cats, and bears, are characterized by having sharp teeth for tearing flesh, strong claws, and a highly developed sense of smell.

What are the general characteristics of birds?

Birds are characterized by feathers, a beak without teeth, laying hard-shelled eggs, and a lightweight skeleton adapted for flight.

What is the significance of feathers in birds?

Feathers provide insulation, enable flight, and play roles in display and camouflage.

What was Archaeopteryx?

Archaeopteryx is an extinct genus of bird-like dinosaurs that shows both avian and reptilian features, providing evidence for the evolution of birds from reptiles.

How are bird bones modified for flight?

Birds have hollow, lightweight bones that decrease body mass while maintaining strength, essential for flight.

What adaptations contribute to a bird's light body for flight?

Birds possess a lightweight body structure, including a fused wing structure and reduced organ mass, allowing for efficient flight.

How does a bird fly?

Birds fly by flapping their wings, creating lift through airfoil-shaped wings that generate upward force.

What is the functional anatomy of birds regarding flight?

Birds have a unique bone structure, powerful flight muscles, and a strong keel on the breastbone for muscle attachment.

What is endothermy in birds?

Endothermy refers to birds' ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature through metabolic heat production.

What is the structure of a bird's heart?

Birds have a four-chambered heart that effectively separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood for efficient circulation.

How do lungs function in birds?

Birds possess highly efficient lungs with air sacs, allowing for continuous airflow and maximizing oxygen exchange during both inhalation and exhalation.

What is the circulatory system in birds like?

Birds have a closed circulatory system with a high metabolic rate, supporting their energetic flight.

How do birds feed and forage?

Birds have a variety of feeding adaptations, such as specialized beaks for their diet and foraging behaviors that vary widely among species.

What types of locomotion do birds exhibit besides flying?

Many birds exhibit various locomotion methods, including walking, running, swimming, and climbing.

How do birds reproduce?

Birds reproduce sexually, typically laying eggs that are incubated until hatching, with many species showing parental care.

What are the characteristics of the order Passeriformes?

Passeriformes, or perching birds, have a specialized foot structure for grasping, a strong vocalization ability, and diverse feeding and nesting habits.

What are the characteristics of the order Falconiformes?

Falconiformes, such as falcons and hawks, are characterized by high visual acuity, strong talons for capturing prey, and excellent aerial hunting skills.

What are the characteristics of superorder Paleognathae?

Paleognathae includes flightless birds like ostriches and emus, characterized by a flat breastbone and primitive evolution.

What are the characteristics of superorder Neornithes?

Neornithes encompasses modern birds that are capable of flight, exhibiting diverse morphologies and ecological

What are the four derived characteristics of chordates?

The four derived characteristics of chordates are a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

What are the general characteristics of Class Myxini (hagfish)?

Produce slime for protection, are entirely marine scavengers, have a cartilaginous skull and rudimentary vertebrae, and show little known about reproduction; some species are hermaphrodites.

What are the general characteristics of Class Hyperoartia (lampreys)?

More derived than hagfish with a complete cartilaginous skeleton, exhibit parasitic behavior by rasping through fish flesh to siphon body fluids, and have a lifecycle that includes a long lar