Speech Sound Disorders

An Overview of Acquisition, Assessment, & Treatment

Articulation

• process of producing speech sounds

• difficulties with a few speech sounds

• mild to moderate

Is articulation at the phonetic or phonemic level?

phonetic level

Phonological impairment

• demonstrates problems with the sound system of language

• difficulties with more than one sound in a pattern

• severe to profound

Are phonological disorders at the phonetic or phonemic level?

phonemic level

Apraxia of Speech aka Childhood Apraxia of Speech

• motor planning problems

• severe to profound

Phonology: Sound System of Language

1. syllable/word shapes/structures

2. phonemes and allophones

3. prosody/suprasegmentals

chief muscle of inhalation

diaphragm

chief structure for sound production

larynx/voice box

Where are vocal folds (VF) found?

larynx

When VF vibrate as air flows through them, the sound is…

voiced

If VF remain open and do not vibrate, the sound production is…

voiceless

velum separetes

oral and nasal cavities

oral cavity contains

articulators

What is the major articulator that’s composed of muscles?

tongue

Tongue divided into 5 parts:

• tip (apex)

• blade

• back (dorsum)

• root

• body

lips

most visible articulators

jaws

bony structures that support tongue and lips

American English language has ___ symbols denoted in IPA

44

English phonemes are divided into

• vowels

• diphthongs

• consonants

Position of consonants is described by

initial, medial, final

Manner

• when air flows through resonance and articulatory systems

• e.g. stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides

Place

location along vocal tract where air stream flows

• e.g. bilabials, labiodentals, interdentals, etc…

Voicing

voiceless or voiced

Vowels

• 12 vowels'

• always voiced

• sonorants

• high, mid, or low tongue in relation to palate

Vowels can be

tense or lax

Diphthongs

• two vowels blended together which creates a change in vocal tract

• only one phoneme

What are these examples of:

/aʊ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /eɪ/, /oʊ/

diphthongs

Progression of sound development

1. nasals, stops, glides

2. fricatives, affricatives

3. liquids

Reflexive vocalizations

cries, coughs, hiccups, burps

Nonreflexive vocalizations

shaped into adult form of words

Phonation

• birth to 1 month

• crying, fussing, coughing, burping, sneezing

Coo and goo

• 2-3 months

• precursors to consonants

• similar to back vowels and consonants

Exploration and expansion

• 4-6 months

• vocal play including squeals, growls, yells, raspberries

• some sequences of CV syllables

Variegated babbling

• 10-12 months

• greater use of CV sequences

• utterances take on adult-like intonation patterns

Protowords

well-defined, meaningful sound patterns produced by young children

• link between babbling and adult-like speech

18 months - 4 years

syllables more complex with multisyllables and consonant clusters emerging

5-6 years

phonemic inventory stabilizes

6 years

reading and writing introduced

Speech pattern errors have been referred to as

phonological processes or deviations

Phonological awareness can be divided into

• syllable awareness

• onset rhyme awareness

• phoneme awareness

Syllable segmentation

how many syllables per word

Onset-rhyme

• judgement

• oddity

• rhyme generation/supply

alliteration

phonemic detection

True or False

There is a weak link between phonological awareness and literacy.

False

Oral mechanism

assess for anomalies of structures used for speech production such as the lips, tongue, teeth, and palate