Module 11 - Order Cyclophyllidea (True Tapeworms) I

Members of this FAMILY occurs in mammals and birds which has only one set of reproductive organ and some species can reproduce asexually

Family Mesocestoidea

Members of this genus occasionally occur in humans. However, its normal DH are various types of birds and mammals and they are found in the small intestines.

Mesocestoides sp.

Its scolex has 4 elongate oval suckers and has no rostellum

Mesocestoides sp.

Its proglottids have 1 set of genitalia. Wherein its genital pore are found in the ventromedian and eggs are in par-uterine organ.

Mesocestoides sp.

Identify

Mesocestoides sp.

IHs of Mesocestoides sp.

• 1st IH - oribatid mites and beetles

• 2nd IH - rodents and reptiles

In the 1st IH such as oribatid mites and beetles of Mesocestoides sp., this stage is formed.

cysticercoids

In the 2nd IH such as rodents and reptiles of Mesocestoides sp., this stage is formed.

tetrathyridia

This mesocestode is capable of asexual multiplication by longitudinal splitting of the parent scolex in the small intestine of the 2nd IH.

Tetrathyridia

This isolate of Mesocestoides sp. can undergo asexual multiplication in the DH if these are dogs and skunks; through longitudinal fission of the scolex.

Mesocestoides vogae

Give other species of Mesocestoides aside from M. vogae

• M. variabilis

• M. lineatus

• M. corti

Normally, the adults of Mesocestoides sp. are harmless in its host such as dog. The tetrathyridia on the other hand may cause this disease in cats and dogs.

severe peritonitis

In humans, Mesocestoides sp. infestation may result in what clinical symptoms?

severe diarrhea

Treatment and prevention of Mesocestoides sp. (2)

• Praziquantel

• Hygienic food preparation

Under Mesocestoides sp., this species is found in the smaller bile ducts or blood vessels of the liver of kitfox (Vulpis microtis) in California

Mesogyna hepatica

This family usually occur in mammals, usually ruminants and equine. It is either single or double-pored tapeworm. IH is usually oribatid mites.

Family Anoplocephalididae

• IH - oribatid mites

• DH - hoofed animals

• Has unarmed scolex

Genus Moniezia

T/F. Genus Moniezia has eggs which are roughly triangular or square with pyriform apparatus

TRUE

Interproglottidal glands are present and it open along the junctions between proglottids are present

Genus Moniezia

Genus Moniezia has this type of metacestode that develops in its IH, oribatid mites

cysticercoids

Genus Moniezia are collectively known as?

Double pored tapeworm

The first anoplocephalid which life cycle was discovered. It mainly occurs in sheep and goats.

Moniezia expansa

Eggs of Moniezia expansa are more ________ in shape.

triangular

The interproglottidal glands of this species are linearly arranged and in roseate formation.

Moniezia expansa

Its eggs are more square in shape and its interproglottidal glands are more concetrated in the middle of the junctions.

Moniezia benedini

IH of Moniezia sp. (give one)

Galumna

Oribatula

Peloribates

Protoscheloribates

Scheloribates

Scutorvex

Zygoribatula

Infective cysticercoids of Moniezia sp. are produce in about how many months?

4 months

Prepatent period of Moniezia sp.

37-40 days (5-6 weeks)

Infection caused by Moniezia sp. are more prevalent in young animals ages _____?

under 6 months

T/F. The PPP of Moniezia sp. are 37-40 days but infected lambs may pass out proglottids as early as 6 weeks old.

True

Heavy infection of Moniezia sp. are:

• diarrhea

• unthriftiness

• intestinal obstruction

• high incidence of enterotoxemia

Treatment and control of Moniezia sp. (3)

• benzimidazole compounds, bunamidine, bithionol, niclosamide

• plowing and reseeding pasture

• pasture rotation

Cestodes of horses and donkeys usually don’t have hooks in its sucker and has 1 set of genital organs.

Genus Anoplocephala

Families with only one set of reproductive organs

• Mesocestoides

• Anoplocephalididae

Members of this families have eggs that are roughly triangular or square, with pyriform apparatus

• Moniezia

• Anoplocephala

Members of Genus Anoplocephala

• Anoplocephala perfoliata

• Anoplocephala magna

• Paranoplocephala mamillana

Genus Anoplocephala: Found in the posterior SI

Anoplocephala magna

Genus Anoplocephala: It attaches to the ileocecal valve, hence the name ileocecal tapeworm

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Genus Anoplocephala: has lappets

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Genus Anoplocephala: Longest in size among the three

Anoplocephala magna

Genus Anoplocephala: Occurs in the anteriot SI, ocassionally stomach. has narrow proglottids.

Paranoplocephala mamillana

Genus Anoplocephala: lappets are absent (2)

• Anoplocephala magna

• Paranoplocephala mamillana

In the large and small intestine of horses and donkeys. It is the most frequent tapeworm of horses.

Anoplocephala perfoliata

proglottids are wider than long with single set of reproductive organs

Anoplocephala perfoliata

IH of Anoplocephalididae

oribatid mites

• Scheloribates laevigatus

• S. latipes

• Galumna nervosus

• Achiperia spp.

• Ceratozetes spp.

It occcurs in the SI (jejunum), rarely in the stomach of horses and donkeys. It may reach up to 80 cm long and 2.5 cm wide.

Anoplocephala magna

It has narrow scolex, suckers are slit-like and are situated dorsally and ventrally. Usually found in the SI of horses

Paranoplocephala mamillana

Cysticercoids of this species are produced in the IH 2-4 months after infection.

Genus Anoplocephala

T/F. Genus Anoplocephala usually has no clinical signs. However, in heavy infection, it may lead to ill health, unthriftiness, and death.

TRUE

It can cause small, dark, depressed, ulcerative lesions in the ileocecal orifice may be seen, edema and excessive granulation tissue may also occur, rarely partial occlusion of the orifice.

Anoplocephala perfoliata

It causes catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis in large numbers; perforations of the intestine have been reported.

Anoplocephala magna

member of Anoplocephala that is not pathogenic

Paranoplocephala mamillana

Treatment and Control of Anoplocephala

• Mebendazole, bithionol, niclosamide

• Pyrantel pamoate or tartrate has activity vs. A. perforliata

• Control measures as for Moniezia spp.

Cestodes of rabbits and hares

Genus Cittotaenia

• Found in the SI of rabbit in Europe, up to 80 cm long and 1 cm wide.

• Eggs with pyriform apparatus

• Proglottids – broader than long, have 2 sets of posteriorly placed genital organs

Cittotaenia ctenoides

Cittotaenia sp. that has no neck

Cittotaenia denticulata

Cittotaenia sp. that has neck

Cittotaenia pectinata

IH of Cittotaenia sp.

oribatid mites

• Achipteria

• Allopelops

• Cepheus

• Galumna

• Scheloribates

• Scutovertex

• Trichoribates

• Xenillus

Genus with oribatid mites as IH (6)

• Mesocestoididae

• Moniezia

• Anoplocephala

• Cittotaenia

• Bertiella

• Stilesia

Heavy infection of Cittotaenia spp. (esp C. ctenoides) may cause what implications in rabbits?

• digestive disturbances

• emaciation

• death

Anoplocephalids of monkeys

Genus Bertiella

Parasite of Old World monkeys; has been reported in humans in southern Asia, the East Indies, and the Philippines; has unarmed scolex

Bertiella studeri

Its egg has a bicornuate pyriform apparatus on the inner shell

Bertiella studeri

Ripe segments are shed in chains of about a dozen at a time

Bertiella studeri

IH of Bertiella studeri

oribatid mites

Bertiella sp. in New World monkeys, also man

Bertiella mucronata

good to eat Bertiella sp.

Specific tapeworms of the Papua New Guinean coppery ringtail possum, relished as food by natives here

Bertiella esculenta

Named after Tim Flannery who first came across this practice

Bertiella flanneryi

Normally parasitic in African rodents; has been reported in humans (South America and Cuba, (reported as I. cubensis) in which it is concluded that humans are the only DH outside of Africa

Inermicapsifer madagascariensis

Species that has unarmed scolex (6)

Moniezia

Anoplocephala

Bertiella studeri

Inermicapsifer madagascariensis

Raillietina cesticillus

Cotugnia digonophora

Its egg capsules contain 6-10 eggs each has no pyriform apparatus

Inermicapsifer madagascariensis

IH of Inermicapsifer madagascariensis

arthropods

Family of tapeworms that mainly affects the ruminant and the gravid uterus is replaced by par-uterine organs or capsules.

Family Thysanosomidae

Members of Family Thysanosomidae

• Avitellina

• Stilesia

• Thysanosoma

• Long and narrow tapeworms of ruminants with the short, indistinct segments and alternating genital pores

• May be up to 3 m long and 3 mm wide, being almost cylindrical at the posterior end

• Proglottids – short, not distinctly segmented, single genitalia,

• Eggs – no pyriform apparatus

• not as pathogenic as Moniezia

Avitellina sp.

Species of Avetillina

• A. centripunctata

• A. chalmersi

• A. goughi

IH of Avitellina spp.

psocids (bark lice, book lice, dust lice)

It occurs in the bile ducts of sheep, goats, cattle and wild ruminants in Africa (90-100% prevalent in some areas) and Asia

Stilesia hepatica

It has prominant scolex, broad neck, and has single genital pore which appears alternate but irregular

Stilesia hepatica

IH of Stilesia hepatica

oribatid mites

T/F. Stilesia hepatica appear to not be pathogenic even in heavy infections but it causes dilatation, slight cirrhosis and thickening even appear in the duct because of the worms.

TRUE

In the SI of sheep, goat, cattle and other ruminants in Europe, Africa, and Asia

Stilesia globipunctata

IH of Stilesia globipunctata

1. oribatid mites

2. psocid mites

Stilesia globipunctata attaches primarily in the junction of the duodenum and jejunum; scolex of immature forms penetrate the mucous membrane leading to?

• nodule formation

• proliferative inflammation

• cell infiltration

• epithelial desquamation

• death

Treatment of Stilesia globipunctata

Praziquantel

also known as fringed tapeworm

Thysanosoma actinioides

A double-pored tapeworm occurring in the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts and SI of sheep, cattle and deer in America

Thysanosoma actinioides

Thysanosoma actinioides has how many eggs in its par-uterine organs and how many set of reproductive organs.

• 6-12 eggs

• 2 sets

IH of Thysanosoma actinioides

psocids

Effects of Thysanosoma actinioides

• partial obstruction of bile flow and pancreatic juice

• digestive disorder

• condemnation of liver

• predisposing factor to black disease caused by Clostridium novyi

Treatment of Thysanosoma actinioides (3)

• bithionol

• praziquantel

• niclosamide

In SI of domestic ruminants (sheep, goat, and cattle); in the Republic of South Africa, it is the most frequent tapeworm

Thysaniezia giardi

species with irregular alternates of genital pore (2)

• Thysaniezia giardi

• Stilesia hepatica

IH of Thysaniezia giardi; condition?

• psocids but cannot produce infection in sheep

• oribatid mites

T/F. All ages can be infected by Thysaniezia giardi but it does not occur in numbers sufficient to cause clinical signs

TRUE.

Treatment of Thysaniezia giardi

bithionol and other anthelmintics effective against Moniezia

Family in which eggs are in capsules, it occurs in mammals or birds

Family Davaineidae

In the duodenum of the fowl, pigeon and other gallinaceous birds, small, has armed rostellum and suckers.

Davainea proglotinna

Davainea proglotinna is also known as the?

most pathogenic tapeworm of poultry

IH of Davainea proglotinna where cysticercoids develop

• gastropod (terrestrial)

• molluscs (Limax, Arion, Cepoea, Agriolimax)