Unit 9 Soc-Gendered Oppression

Patriarch/Property Marriage

A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

-the OLDEST form of marriage

Breadwinner/Homemaker Marriage

A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

Family Wage

An income, paid to a man, that’s large enough to support a non-working wife and children

Ideology of Separate Spheres

The idea that home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best tended by men

How is the breadwinner marriage, family wage, and ideology of separate spheres all connected?

Connected because a man will earn family wage through bread maker marriage because woman stay home due to the ideology is separate spheres

What’s the economic mode of production related to both models of marriage?

Men go to work and earn all of the income

What issues come with the breadwinner marriage? (MARIANNE WEBBER)

-Casts men and women as unequal; men didn’t value raising children so they gave the “lesser value” of work to women because women were of “lesser value”

-aka devaluation of women’s work

-many white men couldn’t support a family alone, men of color were also denied a family wage

Heteronormative

Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

Mononormative

Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses only have sexual relations with each other

Open Relationships

Relationships in which partners agree that they’re free to have sexual relations with other people

Polyamorous Relationships

Relationships in which partners agree that they’re free to form relationships with others that are both sexual and romantic

Pro-natal

Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free

Partnership Unions

A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

How’d the partnership union relationship develop from the other 2 relationships?

-Anne-Parsons wrote “The Feminine Mystique” about marriages, and American feminists succeeded in removing gendered language from marriage context.

-Most families couldn’t afford the fathers wage only

-WWII because while most men were in war, women had to take their working spot.

-1964: Civil Rights Act illegalized sex discrimination

Sexism

The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female (sex-based).

Androcentrism

The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity (gender-based)

-i.e. were more impressed with athletes than dancers because sports are seen as masculine; we value STEM fields more than the humanities; men are generally taught to avoid being feminine, women taught to be more masculine

Subordinated Masculinities

Men who are seen as lesser based on the androcentric logic that masculine is better than feminine (will often get called “faggots” or “pussies”)

-usually men who are gay, weak; effeminate, or dominated by women

Marginalized Masculinities

Men who are perceived to be sufficiently masculine but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity

-i.e. working class men considered overly sexist and abusive; black/hispanic men seen as aggressive

Hegemonic Masculinity

The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

-i.e. CEOs, quarterbacks, action heroes, etc.

Second Shift

(Arlie Hochschild) The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs (i.e. making dinner, bathing kids, gardening)

Time-Use Diary

A research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least 24 hours

Ideal Worker Norm

The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities

Shared Division of Labor

An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

Specialized Division of Labor

An arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare/housework, and the other one does the inverse.

-modified version of breadwinning marriage; both spouses pitch into both divisions still

Ideology of Intense Motherhood

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment

How is ideology of intensive motherhood associated with social pressures?

Staying at home is seen is invaluable, which makes women less likely to want to do it; it makes them avoid domesticity and be in the workplace. Also afraid of what’ll happen if they don’t mother intensely

Cult of Domesticity

The idea that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a living home

Impact of structural factors that incentivize the breadwinner division of labor?

Laws allow employers to not provide essential benefits like health insurance to those who don’t work full time. So one parent has to completely prioritize work, so partnership marriages are less likely to be rewarded

Gender Wage Gap

Full-time working US women make $0.82 for every $1 a man earns. A loss of $461,000 per woman.

Sexuality Wage Gap

Heterosexual men earn more than gay men. Lesbians earn more than heterosexual women and gay men (cause they’re more masculine)

Gender Identity Wage Gap

Cisgender earn more than transgender. Trans are 4x as likely to be earning less than $10,000 a year.

-those that transitioned from f—>m report no income change or an increase

-m—>f report decrease

Feminization of Poverty

A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender non-conforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of heterosexual, cisgender men at the top

How do sexism and androcentrism result in feminization of poverty?

Cis men, trans men, and lesbians (those who perform masculinity) earn higher wages than cis women, trans women, and gay men (those who perform femininity)

Glass Escalator

An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

What’s the impact of the glass ceiling and escalator?

Glass ceiling causes women to leave male-dominated occupations, glass escalator gives men a free ride to the top of female-dominated occupations.

Job Segregation

The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations

Androcentric Pay Scale

A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

Care-Work

Work that involves face-to-face caretaking at the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

-the least valued type of occupation; often earns the littlest amount of $

Male Flight

A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

Stalled Revolution

A sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized

Why do sociologists consider gender inequality a stalled revolution?

Women have embraced masculinity (i.e. participating in sports, playing video games, etc.) but men haven’t embraced femininity (doing housework, childcare, etc.) and when they do, they attract little praise or get criticized, giving them little motivation to embrace it

Freedom/Power Paradox

A situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power. Men have more power, less freedom.

Domestic Outsourcing

Paying non-family members to do family related tasks

What’s the impact of domestic outsourcing?

Though it gives freedom to some women, it displaces the women workers even more into doing domestic jobs

Global Care Chains

A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid/unpaid workers.

Impact of Global Care Chains?

Those caretakers take a meager wage home and less of their attention is on their own children

Greedy Institutions

Ones that take up a great deal of time and energy

Helicopter Parenting

An overly involved, controlling parenting style where parents constantly hover over their children