Human Communications Test 2

Hearing

the process when sound waves hit functioning eardrums.

Listening

the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and or nonverbal messages

Mindfulness and how it enhances communication

focusing on what is happening in the moment.

Attending mindfully to others increases our understanding of their thoughts and feelings; mindfulness promotes more complete communication by others

Selective listening

Selecting what to listen to

Selective perception

the unconscious process by which people screen, select, and notice objects in their environment

Selective interpretation

put together all that we have selected and organized to make sense of communication

Situational message overload

occurs when we recieve more messages than we can effectively process

Situational message complexity

when a message is highly complex, is packed with detailed or technical information, or involves intricate reasoning

Situational environmental distractions

occurrences in the communication setting that interferes with effective listening, like distractions

internal prejudgment

tendency to judge others or their ideas before weve heard them

internal preoccupation with self

when we are absorbed in our thoughts or concerns, we cant focus on what someone else is saying

Internal lack of effort

we want to listen, but we’re tired, ill, hungry, or unable to focus for other reasons

Internal different communication styles

not recognizing and adjusting to different listening styles that reflect diverse cultures and social communities

Pseudolistening

pretending to listen

Monopolizing

hogging the stage by continually focusing communication on ourselves instead of the person who is talking

selective listening

focusing only on particular parts of communication

defensive listening

perceiving a personal attack, criticism, or hostile undertone in communication when none is intended

ambushing

listening carefully for the purpose of gathering ammunition to use in attacking a speaker

literal listening

listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relationship level of meaning

informational listening

listening to understand information and ideas

critical listening

listening to analyze and evaluate the content of communication or the character of the person speaking

relational listening

listening to support another person or to understand how another person thinks, feels, or perceives some situation, event, or other phenomenon

Listening for pleasure

dont n’t need to concentrate on organizing and remembering as much as we do when we listen for information

Culture

system of ideas, values, beliefs and customs that is communicated by one generation to the next and that sustains a particular way of life

Individualistic cultures

each person as distinct from
other people, groups and organizations rely on low-
context communication, which is explicit, detailed, and
precise

Collectivist cultures

regard people as deeply committed to
each other; high-context communication

how communication reflects the values in high-context and low-context communication styles

High Context Communication : collectivist

Low Context Communication : individualist

Standpoint theory

social groups within a culture distinctively shape members’ perceptions, identities, expectations, knowledge, and so forth

Masculinity vs. femininity

describes whether a culture values competition and dominance (masculine traits) or cooperation and caring for others (feminine traits).

how communication may change cultures

communication reflects and expresses the individualistic or collectivist vaulues of culture

High-context communication style

indirect and undetailed and which conveys meanings more implicitly the explicitly

Low context communication style

very direct, explicit, and detailed.

Person-centered communication

negotiate between awareness of group tendencies and equal awareness of individual differences

Ethnocentrism

tendency to regard ourselves and our way of life as normal and superior to other people and other ways of life

moral relativism

the idea that there are no universal, absolute rules for right and wrong

Cultural relativism

recognizes that cultures vary in how they think and behave as well as in what they believe and value

Resistance

when we reject the beliefs of particular cultures on social communities

Assimilation

when people give up their ways and adopt the ways of the dominant culture

Tolerance

one accepts differences, although may not approve of or even understand the,

Understanding

Differences come from culture, and no culture is inherently better or right.

Respect

one values others' customs, traditions, and values even if one does not actively incorporate them into ones life

Code switching

phrase for bilingual

Self

process that involves forming and acting from social perspectives that arise and evolve in communication with others and ourselves

Who was George Herbert Mead, and how does he believe the “self” is formed?

American philosopher and sociologist, the self is developed with communicating with others who tell us who we are, what we should and should not do, and how valuable we are.

generalized other

A person’s view of the rules, roles, and attitudes of their group or community.

particular others

Important people who shape your values, views, and self-esteem.

direct definition

communication that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors

Secure attachment style

develops when a child’s primary caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and lowing way to a child

Fearful attatchment styleattachment

primary caregiver communicates in negative, rejecting, or abusive ways with a child

dismissive attachment

caregivers who are uninterested in, rejecting of, or abusive toward children

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

An attachment style where someone wants closeness but is also afraid of it, often caused by inconsistent care from a caregiver.

social comparison

rating of ourselves relative to others with respect to our talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth

self-disclosure

the revelation of personal information about themselves that others are unlikely to learn on their own

uncertainty reduction

people find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use communication to reduce uncertainty

self-disclosure

Openly and honestly sharing personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

vultures

a person who attacks someones self-esteem

self-sabatoge

telling ourselves we are no good, we cant do something, theres no point in trying to change, and so forth

personal relationship

voluntary commitment between irreplaceable individuals who are influenced by rules, relationship dialects, and surrounding contexts.

Social relationship

participants interact according to general social roles rather than unique individuals

autonomy/connection dialectic

involves the desires to be seperate, on the one hand, and to be connected, on the other

novelty/predictability dialectic

The struggle between wanting routine and wanting something new.

openness/closedness dialectic

desire for openness in tension with the desire for privacy

neutralization

negotiates a balance between the opposing dialect forces

separation

addresses one need in a dialect and ignores the other

segmentation

Partners split responsibilities or activities between each other.

six stages of friendship

role-limited interactions, friendly relations, moving toward friendship, nascent friendship, stabilized friendship, waning friendship

Nascent friendship

think of selves as friends

Stabilized friendship

established in each other’s life

Waning friendship

declines in common interest or separation

Escalation

The relationship grows and becomes more serious and intimate.

Navigation

Partners manage differences, routines, and everyday challenges.

Deterioration

The relationship weakens and may start to end

escalation stages

Stage 1: No interaction
 Stage 2: Invitational communication

invitational communication

style of talking that invites others to share their thoughts and feelings in a respectful, supportive way

Matching hypothesis

values, attitudes, social backgrounds

styles of loving

Eros
 Storge
 Ludus
 Mania
 Agape
 Pragma

Eros

passionate, intense

Storge

comfortable love, stable companionship

Ludus

playful, manipulative love

Mania

loving marked by emotional extremes

Agape

selfless love

Pragma

goal-oriented style of loving

relationship culture

private world of rules, understandings, meanings, and patterns of interacting that patterns create

intensifying communication

people increase the openness, frequency, and emotional closeness of their communication to build a stronger relationship.

Deterioration phase

Stage 1: dissatisfaction with relationship; can become
a self-fulfilling prophecy
 Breakdown of established patterns, understandings,
rules
 Stage 3: social support processes
 Stage 4: grave-dressing processes – decide how to
explain problems to friends, children, etc.
 Stage 5: Make sense of what the relationship meant

how communication can be used to sustain fulfilling personal relationships
dealing with problems of distance, equity, domestic violence, and safe sex

Communication helps keep relationships healthy by making sure both people understand each other, solve problems, and stay connected.

• Distance: Talking regularly helps maintain emotional closeness even when partners are apart.

• Equity: Honest communication helps ensure both people feel things are fair and balanced.

• Domestic violence: Clear communication (and seeking help) is important for safety and setting boundaries.

• Safe sex: Open discussion about protection, consent, and health keeps both partners safe and informed.