Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment Review

A collection of flashcards focusing on key terms and definitions related to the Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment era.

Industrial Revolution

A period of significant industrial and economic development characterized by the shift from agrarian economies to industrial production in factories.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing that involves bringing workers and machines together in one location to increase efficiency and production.

Laissez-Faire

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy; literally means 'leave alone'.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or services for profit.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly those who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, typically referencing those who own the means of production and employ the proletariat.

Social Contract

The implicit agreement among individuals to form a society and abide by its rules for mutual benefit.

Natural Rights

The rights that every individual possesses inherently, typically including life, liberty, and property.

Scientific Socialism

The idea proposed by Karl Marx that a classless society could be achieved through a series of revolutionary steps.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

Tanzimat Reforms

The series of Ottoman Empire reforms aimed at modernization and administrative restructuring.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A program initiated in Qing China to modernize and industrialize, which ultimately faced significant internal resistance.

Industrial Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of production and capital in the context of industrialization.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production and the distribution of goods.

Urbanization

The process by which cities grow and higher populations gather, often leading to social, economic, and environmental challenges.

Joint Stock Companies

Business entities where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, often seen as a precursor to modern capitalism.