ch.9 patterns

hierarchy of complexity

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

spherical

A body form in which any cut through the organism's results in identical halves

radial

divided into several portions by several planes

of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.

Anterior(ventral)

front surface of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of of a limb to trunk

proximal

Closer to the origin of part or the point of of a limb to the body trunk

superior

toward the head

inferior

away from the head

transverse plane

horizontal cross section, can be anywhere, divides into superior and inferior sections

Frontal (Coronal) plane

vertical plane, divides into anterior and posterior

Sagittal

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

equal halves

parasagittal plane

unequal right and left sides

Embryonic Development of Gut Cavities

Zygote

Blastula

Blastocoel

Gastrula

Gastrocoel or archenteron

Blastopore

blastula

spherical layer of

blastocoel

the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula

Gastrula

the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.

Gastrocoel (archenteron)

central cavity of the gastrula

blastopore

The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes

endoderm

gut, liver, lungs

ectoderm

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

mesoderm

germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

diploblastic

having two germ layers; ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic

has three germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

protostomes

mouth first, blastopore becomes mouth, eg. mollusks, annelids, and arthropods

deuterostomes

blastopore becomes anus, eg. cordates, echinodermata

Aceolomate

with coelom, mesoderm fills blastocoel

Psudoceolomate

mesoderm only lines

Ceolomate

mesoderm lines blastocoel to form body

schizocoelous

Pattern of formation of the body common in protostome development, in which solid masses of mesoderm split, forming the body cavity

enterocoelous

Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in deuterostome development, in which the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows, forming the body cavity.

interstitial fluid

inside of body space

4 tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the lungs?

Simple squamous

What type of epithelial tissue is found in ducts and glands?

Simple cuboidal

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the ?

Simple columnar

What type of epithelial tissue allows to change shape and is found in ?

Transitional

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the skin and mouth?

Stratified squamous

What type of epithelial tissue is found in glands?

Stratified cuboidal

What type of epithelial tissue is found in glands and consists of multiple layers?

Stratified columnar

What type of epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers but is actually a single layer with cilia?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

connective tissue

fibers and in a matrix, supports, binds, and protects other tissues.

types of connective tissue

Blood

Loose connective tissue

Adipose

Cartilage

Bone

Dense connective tissue - tendons

muscle tissue

contracts, ie. skeletal, cardiac, smooth

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries messages back and forth between and every other part of the body.

soma

cell body of a neuron

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive .

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

myelin sheath

covers of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons