acid/base, redox, and organic - chapter 4 - Chemistry of the environment

acid

acid

a substance that, when dissolved in water, produces hydronium ions (H3O+)

properties of acids

1. sour taste

2. turns blue litmus paper red

3. dissolve certain metals

4. undergoes reaction with bases

base

• substance that, when dissolved in water, produces hydroxide ions (OH−)

• alkali

• caustic

• lye

properties of bases

1. bitter taste

2. turns red litmus paper blue

3. slipperier soapy feel

4. undergoes reactions with acidspr

products of neutralization reaction

• SALT

• water

characteristics of the pH scale

• scale is inverse

• scale is nonlinear

  • factors of ten

solubility guidelines

1. The compounds of Na+, K+, and NH4+, and NO3-are all water soluble

2. Most compounds of Cl− are water soluble; exceptions include AgCl, and lead chloride, PbCl2, which is only slightly soluble

3. Most sulfates are water soluble; exceptions include PbSO4, Hg2SO4, Ag2SO4, and CaSO4(slightly soluble)

4. Most hydroxides are water insoluble; exceptions include NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2 (slightly soluble)

5. Most carbonates and phosphates are water insoluble; exceptions include compounds of Na+, K+, and NH4+

first definition of oxidation

The chemical combination of a substance with oxygen

first definition of reduction

the chemical removal of second definition of oxygen from a substance

second definition of oxidation

the chemical removal of second definitiohydrogen from a substance

second definition of reduction

the chemical combination of a substance with hydrogen

third definition of oxidation

loss of electrons from a chemical species

third definition of reduction

gain of electrons by a chemical species

organic chemistry

branch of chemistry dealing with the compounds of carbon

structural formula

a drawing showing exactly which atoms are bonded to each other and the exact order of this bonding

condensed structural formulas

grouping carbon and hydrogen atoms that are attached to each other

line-bond formulas

many of the carbon atoms are shown as bends in a line (or in some cases as the end of a line), and many of the hydrogen atoms are omitted

hydrocarbon

compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

alkanes

• organic compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and single bonds

• saturated hydrocarbons

first ten continuous-chain alkanes

isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas

alkenes

• hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond

• general formula CnH2n

• unsaturated hydrocarbons

ethylene

simplest alkene

alkynes

• hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon triple bond

• general formula CnH2n-2

• unsaturated hydrocarbons

ethyne (acetylene)

simplest alkyne

benzene

unique organic compound with very stable six-sided ring

aromatic hydrocarbons

contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene

functional groups

Atoms or groups of atoms attached to hydrocarbon skeletons that give the compounds characteristic chemical and physical properties

alcohols

contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group

phenols

• aromatic compounds with the hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring

• act as acids

• effective antiseptics

ethers

• compounds with two alkyl groups bonded to the same oxygen

• general formula ROR

carbonyls

C double bond O functional group

aldehydes

carbonyl with hydrogen on one end and alkyl group on the other

keynote

carbonyl with alkyl group on both ends

carboxylic acids

organic acids with the carboxyl group (COOH)

benzoic acids

carboxylic acid with benzene attached directly to the carboxyl group

esters

derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols or phenols

amines

derivatives of ammonia when one or more hydrogen of ammonia amidis replaced by an alkyl group

amides

• nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon

• amino acids of proteins are linked by amide linkages

heterocyclic compounds

rings that contain atoms other than carbon as part of the ring