bone tissue warmups!

WIP

Each bone is a organ, what tissues are used to form these organs?

Cartilage, Bone, Epithelium, Never, Blood, Adipose, Dense CT

What are functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell reproduction (red bone marrow), and triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)

In compact bone histology, what are the “rings” called that you see in a slide of bone tissue?

Lamellae

What is the region in the center of these “rings” called?

Haversian (central) canal

What type of fibers are found in bone tissue?

Collagen

What kind of cells are bone tissue?

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

What 3 terms are used to describe the various portions of a long bone?

Diaphysis, Metaphyses, Epiphysis

In what part of the long bone to you typically find lots of spongy bone?

Proximal epiphysis

What is the appropriate term for growth plate?

Epiphyseal Plate

What type of bone cell is responsible for reabsorption?

Osteoclast

What 2 minerals comprise 50% of the bone tissue?

Calcium and Phosphate

Name the mineral salts that comprise the ground substance of bone tissue

Hydroxyapatite, Calcium, Carbonate, Calcium Phosphate

Name the membrane found on the outside of the bone

Periosteum

Name the membrane found lining the bone’s medullary cavity

Endosteum

Space within the shaft of the bone that contains yellow marrow

Medullary cavity

Triglyceride storage tissue

Yellow bone marrow

Hemipoietic tissue

Red bone marrow

Thin layer of hylaine cartilage covering the ends of bone shwere they form a joint

Articular cartilage

Distal and proximal ends of bones

Epiphysis

The long, cylindrical main portion of the bone; the shaft

Diaphysis

In a growing bone, the region that contains the epiphyseal plate

Metaphyses

The tough membrane that surrounds the bone surface wherever cartilage is not present

Periosteum

A layer of hyaline cartilage in the area between the shaft and end of a growing bone

Epiphyseal Plate

Membrane lining the medullary cavity

Endosteum

A remnant of the active epiphyseal plate; a sign that the bone has stopped growing in length

Epiphyseal line

Bundles of collagen fibers that attach periosteum to bone

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Define fracture

Any break in bone

Define hematoma

An area of swelling filled with blood

Name two membranes found in/around bones

Periosteum and endosteum

What is the specific term for red blood cell production?

Hematopoesis

What is the function of calcitrol?

Absorbs calcium from foods in GI tract into blood to increase Calcium ion (Ca +2) levels

What is the function of calcitonin?

To lower calcium ion levels (Ca +2)

The four steps in fracture repair

Formation of fracture hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous callus, Bony callus formation, and Bone remodeling

Partial fracture, more common in children

Greenstick fracture

A fracture with splintering of the bone

Comminuted fracture

This is the type of fracture that breaks the skin

Open (compound) fracture

This fracture occurs in the distal fibula

Pott’s fracture

What is the name of the disease that causes reduction in bone mineral density in older people?

Osteoporosis

What tool would be best to help diagnose the possibility of a patient having bone cancer?

Bone scan

Small spaces betwen lamellae that contain osteocytes

Lacunae

Perforating canals that penetrate compact bone; carry blood vessels, lympathic vessels, and nerves form periosteum

Volkmann’s canals

Areas between osteons; fragments of old osteons

Interstitial lamellae

Cells that secrete the components required ot build bone

Osteoblasts

Microscopic unit of compact bone tissue

Osteons

Interconnected, tiny canals filled with extracellular fluid; connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal

Canaliculi

Canals that extend longitudinally through the bone and connect blood vessels and nerves to the osteocytes

Central (haverisan) canal

Large cells derived from monocytes and involved in bone resorption

Osteoclasts

Irregular lattice of thin columns of bone found in spongy bone tissue

Trabeculae

Rings of hard calcified matrix found just beneath the periosteum and in the medullary cavity

Circumference lamellae

Mature cells that maintain the daily metabolism of life

Osteocytes

An opening of the shaft of bone allowing an artery to pass into the bone

Nutrient artery

Unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyne

Osteogenic cells

A broken bone in which one end of the fractured bone is driven into the other end

Impacted

A condition of porous bone characterized by decreased bone mass and increase susceptibility to fractures

Osteoporosis

Splintered bone, w/ smaller fragments lying between main fragments

Comminuted

A broken bone that does not break through the skin

Closed (simple)

A partial break in a bone in which one side is broken and the other side bends

Greenstick

A broken bone that protrudes though the skin

Open (compound)

Microscopic bone breaks resulting from inability to withstand repeated stressful impact

Stress

A degeneration of articular cartilage allowing the bony ends to touch; worsens due to friction between the bones

Osteoarthritis

Condition characterized by failure of new bone formed by remodeling to calcify in adults

Osteomalacia

An infection of bone

Osteomyelitis

Decreases blood calcium levels by accelerating calcium deposition in bones and inhibiting osteoclasts

Calcitonin

Required for collagen synthesis

Vitamin C

During childhood, it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate; production stimulated by human growth hormone

Insulinlike growth factor

Involved in bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity; causes long bones to stop growing in length

Sex hormones

Required for protein synthesis

Vitamin K

Active form of Vitamin D; increasing absorption of calcium from digestive tract (GI tract)

Calcitriol

Raises blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

When blood calcium levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, _____ is released, causing calcium to be release from bones

Parathyroid hormone

Mature bone cells, called _____, maintain bone in a viable state

osteocytes

Disuse such as that caused by paralysis or severe lack of exercise results in muscle and bone ____

atrophy

Large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of _____

stress and/or tension

Immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as _____

osteoblasts

_____ causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts

Calcitonin

Bone cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium to the blood are called ______

osteoclast

Astronauts must perform isometric exercises when in outer space because bones atrophy under conditions of weightlessness or lack of _____

gravity