Eighth Grade Final 2024

civil war

a war between citizens of the same country.

Slavery

Condition of being owned by, and forced to work for someone else.

Secede

to withdraw formally from a union, alliance, or membership

Reconstruction

Rebuilding of the South after the Civil War 1864-1876.

Popular Sovereignty

a pre-Civil War doctrine asserting the right of the people living in a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their territorial legislature whether or not slavery would be permitted there.

Fourteenth Amendment

An amendment to the US Constitution that defined citizenship and extended US citizenship to former slaves. It also prevented states from restricting the basic rights of citizens or other persons. It was ratified in 1868.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Muckrakers

Investigative reporters who exposed corruption

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on actual observations.

Jacob Riis

This muckraker took pictures of tenements and overcrowded cities to expose the poor living and working conditions of immigrants. He published these pictures in his book, "How the Other Half Lives".

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

This law made monopolies and trusts illegal, but was difficult to enforce.

Dominance in or control of a market for certain goods or services by a single company or combination of companies.

Monopoly

A strike by railway car makers. President Cleveland sent federal troops to put down the strike.

Pullman Strike

The Jungle

A novel written in 1906 by Upton Sinclair that exposed the corruption and conditions in the meat industry.

How the Other Half Lives.

Written in 1890 by Jacob Riis, it exposed the conditions faced by the poor and immigrants.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Assimilation

the process by which a people give up their heritage, customs, and language in order to fit in with another group.

Nativism

anti-immigrant attitude

cultural preservation

the deliberate act of maintaining cultural traditions from the present for the future.

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

pull factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

melting pot theory of assimilation

American culture is a blend of many different cultures

salad bowl theory of assimilation

the theory that cultures mix but retain uniqueness.

Urbanization

the movement of people to towns and cities that leads to the growth of towns, cities and their surrounding areas as more people live and work there.

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Isolationism

Policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

What factors led to European Imperialism?

Countries wanted sources of raw materials—such as copper, rubber, and tin—to fuel industrial growth. Business people wanted new markets for their manufactured goods. Many Europeans saw colonies as a source of power and national pride.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by Theodore Roosevelt where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

sedition

behavior that promotes rebellion or civil disorder against the state

Sedition Act of 1918

made it illegal for americans to speak disloyaly about the US government, constitution, or flag

neutral

Not favoring either side

Patriotism

the quality of being patriotic; devotion to and vigorous support for one's country.

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

World War I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles6 forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers.

What does MAIN stand for with regard to the causes of the First World War?

Militarism, Alliance, Imperialism, and Nationalism

Who were the three main players in the Treaty of Versailles?

David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson