MICROPARA - Nervous System

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/23

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

24 Terms

1
New cards

MENINGITIS

inflammation of the meninges

2
New cards

MENINGITIS

requires a sample of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a spinal tap, or lumbar puncture, then Gram-staining

3
New cards

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

the bacterium is normally in the throat ● Hib-caused meningitis is mostly in children under age 4; can be prevented by vaccine

4
New cards

NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS

normally present in the nose and throat of carriers ● transmission by droplet aerosol or direct contact ● Symptoms caused by an endotoxin that is produced very rapidly and is capable of causing death within just a few hours ● The most distinguishing feature is a rash that does not fade when pressed. ● 6 serotypes cause the disease, but serotype B has no vaccine

5
New cards

STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE -

inhabitant of the nasopharyngeal region ● Has vaccines, but the many serotypes make it difficult to develop vaccines against all of them

6
New cards

LISTERIOSIS

caused by Listeria monocytogenes ● Widely distributed in soil and water ● The bacterium reproduces in phagocytes ● Acquired by ingestion of contaminated food ● May be asymptomatic in healthy adults, but can cause meningitis in newborns, immunosuppressed, pregnant women, and cancer patients. ● Can cross placenta and cause spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

7
New cards

TETANUS

Caused by Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming, obligate anaerobe found in soil

8
New cards

BOTULISM

a form of food poisoning (food-borne botulism)

9
New cards

Adult intestinal toxemia

very rare kind of botulism; spores get into an adult's intestines, grow, and produce the toxin

10
New cards

Iatrogenic

too much botulinum toxin is injected for cosmetic reasons

11
New cards

Type A toxin

most virulent; can cause death when food is only tasted but not swallowed

12
New cards

Type B

-responsible for most European outbreaks

13
New cards

Type E

can be destroyed by boiling, but can be produced at refrigerator temp Botulinum toxin is also known for its medical use, such as Botox

14
New cards

LEPROSY(HANSEN'S DISEASE)

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast rod ○ Grows best in cooler body regions, e.g. peripheral nerves and skin cells ● Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person ○ Mostly via nasal secretions of lepromatous leprosy patients ● Diagnosis: skin biopsy, skin smears ● Treatment: Dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine, usually in combination

15
New cards

Tuberculoid

skin regions with loss of sensation and surrounded by border of nodules; occurs in effective immune responses

16
New cards

Lepromatous

progressive form; skin cells infected, disfiguring lesions all over body; occurs if cell mediated immune response is least effective ○ Lion-faced appearance and deformation of hand; necrosis can occur

17
New cards

POLIOMYELITIS

● Caused by poliovirus ● The great majority of cases are asymptomatic or exhibit only mild symptoms, such as headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea. ○ Paralysis affects fewer than 1% of those infected with the virus ● Transmission by ingestion of water contaminated with feces that have the virus ● Diagnosis: isolation of virus from feces, throat secretions ● Prevented by vaccine ● From throat to small intestine, the virus travels to the lymph nodes, then to bloodstream, causing viremia ● If viremia is persistent, the virus enters the CNS and has affinity for motor nerve cells in the upper spinal cord. ● Death results from respiratory failure

18
New cards

RABIES

● A disease that almost always results in fatal encephalitis ● Caused by the rabies virus ● Proliferates in the PNS and moves, fatally, to the CNS ● Rabies is unique in that the incubation period is usually long enough to allow immunity to develop from postexposure vaccination.

19
New cards

ARBOVIRAL ENCEPHALITIS

● Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several families. ○ Prevention by mosquito control ○ Horses and humans affected ● Diagnosis based on serological tests. ● Symptoms from subclinical to coma and death

20
New cards

CRYPTOCOCCOSIS/ Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis

● Soil fungus associated with pigeon and chicken (aerosolization of dried up contaminated droppings) ○ Transmitted through respiratory route; spreads through blood to the CNS ● Diagnosis: Serology to detect cryptococcal antigens in serum or CSF ● Treatable through amphotericin B and flutocytosine

21
New cards

AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS/

sleeping sickness ● Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense ○ These parasites are capable of antigenic variation to escape the immune system ● Transmitted by tsetse fly ● Occurs throughout western and central Africa ● Symptoms: none at first, after a few months, chronic fever, headaches, progress to mental deterioration, coma and death ○ T. brucei gambiense also causes daytime sleepiness and night sleep disturbance

22
New cards

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

The prion disease obtained from eating beef with mad cow disease(bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE) ○ Psychiatric symptoms and delayed neurological signs observed in patients ○ Median age of death: 28 yrs

23
New cards

Kuru

Observed in the Fore people in Papua New Guinea, who used to practice ritual cannibalism ■ Disease is disappearing as the practice is dying out

24
New cards

Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Most people develop the disease spontaneously (sporadic CJD); inherit the mutation (familial CJD); or, rarely, be acquired from medical procedures, such as a cornea or skin transplant, and brain surgery (iatrogenic CJD) ○ Median age of death: 68 yrs ○ Dementia and early neurologic signs distinguish it from another form, variant CJD