hgap unit 2.10-2.12

migration

permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

voluntary migration

movement made by choice

push factors

negative circumstances, event, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

pull factors

positive conditions & circumstances that compels a person to migrate to that place

economic factors

lack of jobs and economic opportunities or offer greater chances of these

social factors

push factors: discrimination & persecution due to ethnicity, race, gender, or religion; pull factors: pull factors: locations where they can practice their culture safely, kinship links, ties with relatives

political factors

push factors: discrimination & persecution due to the opposing policies of a government

environmental factors

push factors: natural disasters, droughts, other unfavorable environmental conditions

demographic factors

push factors: overcrowding, less opportunities, gender imbalance

migration transition model

argues that countries in stages 2 & 3 of the DTM experiences population growth & overcrowding which limits economic opportunities

intervening obstacles

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

intervening opportunities

opportunities en route that disrupt their original migration plan

ravenstein’s law of migration

patterns/laws about migration tendencies & demographics

distance decay

the further apart 2 places are, the less likely that people will migrate between them

gravity model of migration

assumes size & distance between 2 cities/countries will influence the amount of interactions that included migration, travel, & economic activity

step migration

the process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

rural to urban migration

migration from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

counter migration

movement in the opposite directions

return migration

immigrants moving back to their former home

forced migration

migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move

internally displaced persons (idps)

migrants who move to another part of the same country

refugee

forced migrants who cross international borders

asylum

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns

voluntary migration

when people choose to relocate

internal migration

used to describe movement that occurs within a country

transnational migration

when people move from one country to another

chain migration

when people migrate and settle to in a new city/community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have settled

guest worker

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

transhumance

process of herders moving w/ their animals to different pastures during different seasons

guest-worker policies

policies that regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country

family reunification

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

remittance

money sent to family & friends in the country they left

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily w/ people of the same ethnic group

the great migration

millions of americans who migrated from the south to urban northern cities for factory jobs after WW1

sun belt migration

following WW1, the us population shifting from older northern cities toward the sun belt cities due to pleasant weather for retirement