3309 term 2 final week 10

what triggers ovulation

peak of LH in the middle of the menstrual cycle

graafian follicle right before ovulation

oocyte bursts out, polar body, secondary oocyte travels through oviduct to be fertilized, meiosis 2, second polar body

blastocyst cells in centre vs outside

centre cells are embryo cells, cells on outside become placenta

infundibulum

funnel shaped segment segment, end of oviduct

fimbriae

extensions of the infundibulum, extend towards ovary to catch secondary oocyte and bring it into the oviduct

ampulla

7-8cm, longest portion of oviduct, thinner walls, where fertilization occurs

isthmus

4cm, short thicker walls of oviduct

intramural segment

0\.6cm, connects the oviduct to the uterus

ampulla mucosa

* highly folded
* epithelium, basement membrane, highly cellular lamina propria with blood vessels

why is the ampulla mucosa highly folded

for surface area in the lumen, so the secondary oocyte (fertilized embryo) is not lost on the way to the uterus

ampulla muscularis

* thick inner circular smooth muscle layer
* thin outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer

ampulla serosa

mesothelium secretes serous lubricating fluid and supportive CT tissue layer

label this slide

ampulla of oviduct

mucosa of ampulla of oviduct epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

cells of mucosa of oviduct (ampulla)

ciliated cells and peg cells

ciliated cells

most numerous in infundibulum and ampulla, sweeps the zygote/embryo through the oviduct towards the uterus

peg cells

secretory cells for nutritive fluid for zygote/embryo

ciliated cell histology

can see basal body (dark line under cilia)

peg cell histology

no basal bodies, protrusions off apical surface

label this slide

mucosa of oviduct (ampulla)

mucosa of oviduct (ampulla) hormones

influenced by estrogen and progesterone

during the follicular phase, estrogen acts on ciliated cells to increase cilia

during ovulation, the corpus luteum produces progesterone that acts on secretory peg cells to increase its number (nutrients for embryo)

label this slide

muscularis of ampulla

label this slide

uterus

purple = endometrium

blue = myometrium

green = perimetrium

three parts of the uterus

fundus, body, cervix

endometrium of uterus

* mucosal layer
* secretory uterine glands
* highly vascular
* 2 layers (stratum functionale and stratum basale)

epithelium of endometrium of uterus

simple columnar with ciliated cells and secretory cells

uterine glands

invaginations of endometrium made of secretory cells that secrete fluid

stratum functionale

upper layer of endometrium, lighter staining, sloughed off during menstruation

stratum basale

darker staining, maintained throughout menstrual cycle, rebuilds stratum functionale once lost

myometrium of uterus

* muscular layer
* 3 layers (middle stratum vascularis layer, outer and inner longitudinal layers)

myometrium of uterus histology

eosinophilic, beneath endometrium, lots of arteries and arterioles

middle stratum vascularis layer of myometrium

circular smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymphatics

what is this slide

top = stratum functionale

bottom = stratum basale

endometrium of uterus

what is this slide

uterine gland

what is this slide

myometrium of uterus

blood supply to uterus

uterine arteries on either side give off arcuate arteries into myometrium and anastomose

radial branch

supply stratum basal consistently, give off straight arteries

spiral arteries

travel to stratum functionale, highly coiled, give off arterioles to make capillaries

lacuna

area where walls of blood vessels get wider and pooling of bloodu

stratum functionale lost during menstruation is due to

drop of hormones

stratum functionale lost during menstruation affect on blood supply

spiral arteries and stratum basale constrict causing stratum functionale to die off and slough

label this slide

what phase of endometrial cycle

menstrual phase, loss of stratum functionale

what phase of endometrial cycle

proliferative phase, stratum functionale rebuilt

what phase of endometrial cycle

secretory phase, uterine glands form, epithelium fills with secretions in preparation for implantation

proliferative phase

* influenced by estrogen
* day 5-14

estrogen affect on proliferative phase

* epithelial cells in basal portion of glands reconstitute the glands in the stratum functionale
* stromal cells proliferate and secrete collagen and ground substance
* spiral arteries lengthen

secretory phase

* influenced by progesterone produced by corpus luteum
* day 14-28

progesterone acting on secretory phase

* glands enlarge to corkscrew or s shaped
* gland lumina becomes sacculated, epithelial secretory cells secrete fluid containing nutrients and glycogen
* increased vascularity, spiral arteries lengthen

pregnancy

fertilization in ampulla, blastocyst implants in endometrium cells making placenta (trophoblast cells) make hCG which acts on corpus luteum to keep it alive

menstruation

levels of LH drop, corpus luteum degenerates which leads to a drop in progesterone and estrogen, the drop of hormones trigger menstrual phase

menstrual phase

* day 28-5
* hormone levels decrease, uterine glands stop secreting, contraction of spiral arteries, stratum functionale becomes ischemic and vessels rupture, menstrual discharge

menstrual discharge

blood, uterine fluid, stromal and epithelial cells

what phase is this

menstrual phase

cervix epithelium

simple columnar epithelium with branched mucous secreting glands

epithelium invaginates on itself making branches

cervix histology

no spiral arteries, epithelial (nabothian) cyst

cervix during pregnancy

estrogen makes mucous is less viscous and less sticky

cervix not during pregnancy

progesterone makes mucous more viscous and sticky

epithelial (Nabothian) glands

blocked mucous glands

occurs when the cervix transitions from endocervix to exocervix

label this slide

cervix

what is this

epithelial cyst

transformation zone

endocervix to exocervix transformation, towards stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

label this slide

transformation zone (to stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium)

vagina epithelium

stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium and lamina propria

vagina mucosa

estrogen influences the production and accumulation of glycogen by epithelial cells

vagina muscularis

indistinct thin inner circular and thick outer longitudinal layer

layers of vagina

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

what is this a slide of

vagina

mammary gland organization

* modified apocrine sweat glands
* 15-20 lobes branching into lobules
* terminal duct lobular unit
* DICT and adipose tissue

what determines size of glands / breast

adipose tissue, during pregnancy amount of glandular tissue increases

compound tubuloalveolar gland

tubules and alveoli at the end of the mammary duct system producing secretions

what separates lobes of mammary gland

CT septa

areola

pigmented region surrounding nipple

glandular portion of mammary gland

lobes divided into lobules, lobules form lactiferous ducts which form lactiferous sinus

development of mammary glands

* dermal mesenchymal cells induce formation of epithelial bud
* adipocytes stimulate branching of epithelial mammary cords
* mammary cords become hollow and epithelial cells differentiate

luminal cells

line inner duct of mammary cord or secretory cells

cap cells of mammary cords

divide and differentiate into regular epithelial or myoepithelial cells

how is lumen of mammary cord created

apoptosis in middle of cord

what forms opening at nipple

lobes and lobules form lactiferous ducts and sinuses that open at nipple

epithelial tissue in mammary glands histology

basophilic regions

what is this slide

mammary gland

terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

terminal ductules, intralobular collecting duct, intralobular stroma

active mammary bland

alveoli bud off terminal ductules producing components of milk

lining of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) ducts

simple cuboidal epithelium

intralobular stroma

surrounds duct system, specialized LCT that is hormone sensitive

label this slide

terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

terminal ductules in a lactating gland

alveoli budding off

alveoli and ductule epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

CT of lactating gland

DCT

label this slide

lactating mammary gland

intralobular CT in stroma

extension of papillary layer of dermis, LCT

label this slide

lactiferous duct of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

label this slide

intralobular stroma of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

CT surrounding terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

DICT

label this slide

interlobular DICT

lactiferous duct epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium and transition to epithelium of skin (stratified squamous keratinized epithelium)

lactiferous sinus

swelling of lactiferous ducts, where milk collects, large empty epithelial lined spaces

smooth muscle bundles of nipple

surround ducts and sinuses, push secretions to surface, important for erections of nipple

sebaceous glands

modified, lubricate nipple and areola during suckling from baby

label this slide

nipple