PRELIMS CYTO TOPIC 1

GENETICS

• is the study of inheritance in all its
  manifestations. from the distribution of
  human traits in a family pedigree to the
  biochemistry of the genetic material in
  our chromosomes - deoxyribonucleic
  acid, or DNA.

CYTOGENETICS

• is the field of genetics that involves the
  microscopic examination of
  chromosomes.

CHROMOSOME

• Structures within living cells that contain
  genetic material.

GENES

• physically located within the
  chromosomes. Biochemically, each
  chromosome contains a very long
  segment of DNA
  -The most basic observation that a cytogeneticist
  can make is to examine the chromosomal
  composition of a particular cell.

ROBERT HOOKE

• Coined the term cell in his studies of
  cork. Hooke saw, in fact, empty cells
  observed at a magnification of about
  thirty power

• Empty cells observed by Robert Hooke
  from his studies of cork

ANTON VANN LEEUWENHOEK

• Discovered living organisms (protozoa
  and bacteria) in rainwater.

• Produced magnifications of several
  hundred power from single lenses

ROBERT BROWN

• (discoverer of Brownian motion)
  discovered the nuclei of cells

CELL (Eukaryote)

• contain organized nucleus and
  organelles which are enveloped
  by membrane-bound organelles

HUGO VON MOHL

• Described mitosis in nuclei

MITOSIS

• a process of cell duplication, or
  reproduction, during which one
  cell gives rise to two genetically
  identical daughter cells.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

• summed the concept of the cell theory
  with his latin aphorism omnis cellula e
  cellula: all cells come from preexisting
  cells.

GREGOR MENDEL

• Publication of his work on Pea Plants.

• Includes the discovery of chromosomes
  and their behavior.

WILHELM GOTTFRIED VON WALDEYER

• first used the term chromosome

OSCAR HERTWIG

• Described the fusion of sperm and egg
  to form the zygot

AUGUST WEISMANN

• Stated that inheritance is based
  exclusively in the nucleus.

● HUGO DE VRIES
● CARL CORRENS
● ERICH VON TSCHERMAK

Three biologist working independently
rediscovered Mendel's landmark work on the
rules of inheritance, beginning the era of
Modern genetics

WALTER SUTTON

• Hypothesized that the behavior of
  chromosomes during meiosis explained
  Mendel's rules of inheritance, thus
  leading to the discovery that genes are
  located on chromosomes

GENETICS

• is the study of inheritance in all its
  manifestations. from the
  distribution of human traits in a
  family pedigree to the
  biochemistry of the genetic
  material in our chromosomes -
  deoxyribonucleic acis, or DNA.

CHROMOSOME

• Structures within living cells that
  contain genetic material.

GENES

• physically located within the
  chromosomes. Biochemically,
  each chromosome contains a very
  long segment of DNA

ALFRED STURTEVANT

• Created the first genetic map, using the
  fruit fly.

• He showed that genes existed in a linear
  order on chromosomes.

LEWIS STADLER and HERMAN JOSEPH
MULLER

• Showed that genes can be mutated
  artificially by X rays

60%

• The human body is made up of
  approximately how many percent of water

OSWALD AVERY

• Showed conclusively that
  deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA - was the
  genetic material

JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK

• worked out the structure of DNA -
  double helix structure

ROSALIND FRANKLIN

• expert in X-ray imaging that caught a
  photograph of a DNA but could not piece
  together the exact DNA structure.

• Contoversy regarding the
  male-dominated world of genetics.

• Died at the age of 36 due to cancer.