Exam I

ANA’s definition of nursing

1. Protecting, promoting, and advancing client’s health

2. Averting illness and injuries through health promotion

3. Using the nursing process to facilitate clients’ recovery from illness or injury

4. Minimizing or eliminating clients’ suffering

5. Advocating for the care and health of the client, family, or community

nurse practice act

a legal regulatory body created by each individual state, establishing common definitions, rules, and regulations to guide nursing practice

code of ethics for nurses

assists a nurse with ethical decision making by incorporating the nurse’s value system, duty, obligation to the client, and call to uphold professional ideals

evidence-based practice

the process of using evidence from credible scientific research to guide nursing interventions and clinical judgement

self determination

the responsibility of each individual to act professional within their role as a nurse

policies and procedures

governing rules and regulations established by institutions and organizations which direct nursing practice

scope and standards of practice

explanatory statements that describe a competent level of nursing care and professionalism

Florence Nightingale

historical figure in nursing that contributed to the development of the profession through data collection, documentation, and connecting unclean conditions to infection

Clara Barton

historical figure in nursing that started the American Red Cross, created a center to locate missing soldiers, and served in battlefields

Dorothea Dix

historical figure in nursing that was appointed Superintendent of Army Nurses for the Union Army, set up temporary hospitals on battlefields, and organized/trained nursing recruits.

Ildaura Murillo-Rohde

historical figure in nursing that founded the National Association of Hispanic Nurses (NAHA)

Eddie Bernice Johnson

historical figure in nursing that became the first registered nurse elected to the U.S. congress and introduced the STEM Education Act

licensed practical nurse

LPN, obtained in one year

registered nurse

RN, obtained in 2-4 years

advanced practice registered nurse

APRN

doctor of nursing practice

DNP

doctor of philosophy in nursing

PhD, research-based degree

national council licensure examination

NCLEX, passing it is required to received license to practice

novice

stage of nursing that involves no previous experience, struggle to decide which tasks are most relevant in real-life situations, and inability to draw on one’s own judgement

advanced beginner

stage of nursing that involves ability to recognize patterns and recurrent situations.

competent

stage of nursing that involves ability to prioritize tasks by drawing on past experiences, mastery in multiple areas, and quick pattern recognition.

proficient

stage of nursing that involves ability to understand bigger pictures and desired outcomes of situations and ability to respond to changing situations and modify plans.

expert

stage of nursing that involves extensive experience and knowledge and self-confidence and trust of one’s own intuition.

change agent

a nurse that brings innovation for improvement through knowledge, critical thinking, objectivity, and practice

advocacy

speaking up for clients’ needs when the clients are unable to speak for themselves

change management

the goal of nurse managers who help to bring about change with a goal to constantly improve the staff workflow and the client outcomes

collaboration

working together with an interprofessional team to address various aspects of the client’s health.

national academy of medicine

nonprofit private business that provides objective data intended to improve the health of society; emphasizes evidence-based approach to issues that affect the world; formerly called the institute of medicine

national student nurses association

NSNA, nonprofit organization created for nursing students to provide an introduction to professional development through national conventions, networking, and career development activities.

american nurses association

ANA, an organization that supports nurses health and wellness, fosters high standards, promotes safe environments, ensures ethical behavior, and advocates for nurses and the public regarding healthcare issues

national league for nursing

NLN, organization that promotes excellence in nursing education to effectively build a strong and diverse nursing workforce that will advance the health of the national and global community

health literacy

the capacity to obtain, communicate, and understand basic health information and services so as to make appropriate health decisions

affordable care act

ACA, law enacted in 2010 to improve health care quality while lowering costs and expanding the Medicaid program; goals include making insurance more affordable, protecting those who use ACA services, expanding Medicaid to adults with incomes below 138% of the poverty level, lowering healthcare costs

the joint commission

TJC, nonprofit organization that accredits healthcare organizations in multiple types of health care settings, ranging from inpatient hospitals to pharmacies

sentinel event

an event that results in a client’s death or harm that is determined to be permanent or severe

national committee for quality assurance

NCQA, an independent, nonprofit organization that accredits health care plans, providers, facilities, and case management companies

american nurses credentialing center

ANCC, an organization that supports nurses to improve client care through education, certifications, and professional designations

magnet recognition program

program that recognizes acute care facilities that demonstrate excellence in nursing based upon meeting standards in five categories

pathway to excellence program

a program to recognize excellence in nursing

medicare

government healthcare coverage for a client who is 65 or older, under 65 with disabilities, or any age with end stage renal disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

hospitalization, doctor’s services, medication costs

medicare part A, B, and D

medicaid

government healthcare coverage for a client who must meet eligibility requirements based on the client’s income in relation to the poverty level

children’s health insurance program

CHIP, government healthcare coverage that provides for children who may not meet medicaid’s requiremetns but need health coverage

private insurance

insurance coverage not provided by the government

fee for service

FFS, reimbursement payments made to service providers based on the volume of services delivered; how providers/organizations were reimbursed in the past

diagnosis related groups

DRG, fixed payment system for reimbursement for healthcare services based on client diagnosis and procedures performed

inpatient prospective payment system

method of standardized insurance reimbursement based on the client’s diagnosis and procedures performed within the acute care setting

hospital acquired condition reduction program

program that denies reimbursement for services associated with specific healthcare acquired infections

hospital acquired infection

HAI

resource utilization groups

RUG, fixed payment system for reimbursement of healthcare services provided in the long term care setting based upon client diagnosis and services required

minimum data set

MDS, clinical assessment of a client’s physical and cognitive status required to be conducted on nursing home residents who receive medicare and medicaid benefits

social determinants of health

SDOH, factors that impact health other than healthcare services, including location, environment, genetics, income, relations, and gender

skilled nursing facility

SNF, provides for rehabilitation such as occupational/physical therapy as well as oversight for activities or daily living; also called nursing home/long term care

long term care hospital

LTCH, specializes in clients who require hospitalization for long term illnesses such as severe burns, trauma, or ventilation needs

assisted living

provides services for clients who are mostly independent in their living but choose to live in a community setting for assistance with some part of their daily life

hospice care

provided to a client when it is determined they have less than six months to live

palliative care

provides care centered around helping the client feel as comfortable as possible during their illness

respite care

provides care for the client to allow the caregiver a break from responsibilities for a short time

home care

having a nurse or other provider come to the client’s home to deliver services

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

describes how individuals’ needs change throughout life and they work towards meeting their full potential; lower levels must be fulfilled and maintained before higher levels can be met

airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure

ABCDE framework

quality and safety education for nursing

QSEN, set of nursing competencies and proposed targets for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that all prelicensure nursing students should have attained for entry to practice

national council of state boards of nursing

NCSBN, group of nursing regulatory bodies whose purpose is to protect the health and welfare of the public by ensuring that licensed nurses deliver safe and competent nursing care through recommendation of nursing practice regulations and competency assessment

nurse licensure compact

NLC, agreement by state licensing boards that allows a nurse to practice in any state that has adopted the compact under one license

reciprocity

ability to transfer current state license to another, providing the nurse has an initial nursing license and is in good standing

healthy people 2030

campaign that sets objectives to improve the health of americans

patient

one who is given aid, instruction, and treatment with the expectation that such services are appropriate and that the recipient will accept them and comply with a plan

client

one who is considered to be a legitimate member of the decision-making team, who always has some control over the planned regimen, and who is incorporated into the planning and implementation of his or her own care as much as possible

adaptation

when an individual responds to external and internal stressors in a healthy and growth-directed manner; mobilizes internal and external coping resources

maladaptation

when an individual copes with a stressor within one subsystem by taxing energies from another

health

a state of physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease/infirmity

self-care knowledge

a person knowing what made them sick, lessened their effectiveness, or interfered with their growth

self-care action

development and utilization of self-care knowledge and self-care resources

unconditional acceptance

when the client is accepted by nurses as is — with no strings attached

affiliated individuation

the need to be able to be dependent on support systems while simultaneously maintaining independence from these support systems

holism

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

wholism

the state in which the whole is equal to the sum of parts

growth

changes in the body, mind, and spirit that occur over time

development

the holistic synthesis of the growth-produced increasing differentiations in a person’s body, ideas, social relations, and so forth

schemata

categories or units of information, that is, as a set

assimilation

as the individual acquires more information, the individual integrates that information into existing schemata

accommodation

the establishment of a new schema or the modification of an old schema to adjust for new information

equilibration

the balance between assimilation and accommodation

inherent endowment

the idea that genetic makeup influences how we deal with stressors

general adaptation syndrome

1. alarm reaction

2. the stage of resistance

3. the stage of exhaustion

stressor

a stimulus that is experienced as challenging or one that mounts an adaptive response; a distressor is a stimulus that is experienced as threatening or one that mounts a maladaptive response

modeling

the process the nurse uses as they develop an imagination and understanding of the client’s world—an image and understanding developed within the client’s framework and from the client’s perspective

role modeling

the facilitation of the individual in attaining, maintaining, or promoting health through purposeful interventions by making them unique to the client’s world

communication

the process of sending and receiving information

sender

the one who starts/formulates the message

receiver

the one the message is sent to

encoder

the means by which the message is transmitted (such as a translation application)

channel

how the encoder transmits the message (such as a phone line or computer)

decoder

changes the signal back to the message (such as a mobile device)

noise

any environmental distractor that can interfere with the message (such as poor internet connection effecting text messages)

feedback

response to a message, either positive or negative

ABX model

made up of a sender, receiver, and message; also known as the Newcomb’s model of communication

SMCR model

communication model with four components: sender, message, channel, receiver

therapeutic communication

techniques used to improve communication, such as active listening

auditory communication

what the message receiver hears