Cognitive Psychology Chapter 6

Memory encoding and storage

memory

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

sensory store

informatation coming in from the environment is held in a transient ________ from which it is lost if not attended to

short-term memory

Attended information goes into an intermediate _________ with a limited capacity

long-term memory

information must be rehearsed before it can move into a relatively permanent ___________

Capacity and duration of sensory/iconic memory

Sperling measured what with experiments requiring participants to report an array of letters quickly flashed on a screen?

whole report

Sperling’s experimental condition where participants were asked to report as many letters of the array as seen

partial report

Sperling’s experimental condition where participants heard a tone which indicated which row of the letters to report

delayed partial report

Sperling’s experimental condition, where participants heard a tone that indicated which row to report, delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished

4.5, 3.3

particiapnts in the whole report condition remembered ____ of 12 letters while participants in the partial report condition remembered ______ of 4

all

Sperling’s experiments show participants could theoretically report _______ of the rows presented

decreased; increased

Sperling’s experiments show that the number of items reported ______as the delay in the cueing tone _______

we have sensory memory in the retina through slow chemical processes (the stores run out)

the inverted color flag experiment in class showed….

short-term memory

type of memory that stores small amounts of information for a breif duration and includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long term memory

15-20 seconds

Ebbinghaus’s experiment with novel three-letter combinations and counting backwards from a random number shows the duration of short-term memory when rehearsal is prevented is…

Proactive interference

when information learned previously interferes with learning new information

decreases in memory correlated more with whether it was the first trial or not than with the duration of interference

When Keppel and Underwood reanalyzed Ebbinghaus’s data they found…

memory span

the number of elements one can immediately report back

7 items of information

what is the typical human memory span?

digit span

how many digits a person can remeber

5-8 digits

what is the typical human digit span?

information cannot be kept in short term memory indefinitely

Shepard and Teghtsoonian (1961) found…

rehearsed; short term memory; long term memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed that as information is _______ in a limited capacity _________ it is deposited in ________

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Computer Model

model of human cognition that posits memory is an integrated system that processes information (acquires, stores, and retrieves) and the components of memory do not act in isolation. Also states that memory has a limited capacity in terms of space and resources.

Depth of processing

The theory of short-term memory proposes that rehearsal improves memory only if material is rehearsed in a deep and meaningful way (not how long information is rehearsed)

shallow processing

fragile memory

deep processing

durable memory

abstract; ones with meaning

______ pictures were harder to remember than ______

serial positioning effect

tendency to remember information we learned first and last most

deeper processing therefore more connections

According to Craik and Lockhart _________ leads to more accurate recall

chunking

the idea that small units can be combined into larger meaningful units (ie: rather than remember the digits 8,2,8 separately combine them with meaning to remember ‘828’ as the AVL area code)

chunk

a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other collections

S.F with an initial digit span of 7 utilized chunking over 230 1-hr sessions to remember up to 79 digits

What did Ericcson’s study with memory and training college students show?

10,000; necessary; sufficient

Ericcson’s work lead to the theory that it takes _______ hours of sustained, purposeful practice to become of an expert. These hours are ______ but not _______ for expertise

masters remembered more information when the chess board was displayed with actual game positions rather than random because they create meaningful chunks of information

Chase and Simon’s (1973) studies on master chess memory found…