genchem2_3rdqtr_sa1

it describes gases as atoms or molecules that moves in random, ceaseless motion

kinetic molecular theory

true or false: atoms or molecules move so fast

true

are attractive forces between atoms/molecules important?

no, they are negligible

what does the kinetic molecular theory do?

it gives us an idea of how molecules making up gases behave at each phase

what are these phases where molecules making up a substance behaves

matter having a uniform composition and appearance

what are condensed phases

solid and liquid states of matter where molecules are closely packed together as compared to gases

these are weak compared to intramolecular forces, which keep a molecule together

attractive forces

examples of attractive forces

covalent and ionic bonding

difference between intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces

intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule, while intermolecular forces are attractions between molecules.

what is the most attractive group in the periodic table and why

group 7 as it only needs one atom left to be stable. This makes them highly reactive and effective at forming bonds.

why doesnt group 8 in the periodic table have the most attractive force

Group 8 have complete valence shells, making them stable and largely unreactive. Therefore, they do not form bonds easily and exhibit minimal attractive forces compared to other groups.

what is electron affinity

The amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom, indicating the tendency of an atom to attract additional electrons. (it is how strong an atom is at pulling in electrons to form negative ions.)

what is the direction at which electron affinity increases

from the bottom left to the top right of the periodic table.

what is the kinetic molecular of gas

gases have no definite volume or shape and can be expanded or compressed.

what is the kinetic molecular of liquid

liquid holds molecules together causing it to have a definite volume but no definite shape, taking the shape of its container.

what is the kinetic molecular of solid

solids are rigid, causing them to have a definite volume and shape

what are the attractive forces of solid, liquid, and gas

solid - strong; liquid - strong; gas - weak

what are the compressibility of solid, liquid, and gas

solid - almost incompressible; liquid - slightly incompressible; gas - compressible

what are the volumes of solid, liquid, and gas

solid - definite; liquid - definite; gas - depends on the size of the container

what are the shapes of solid, liquid, and gas

solid - definite; liquid - depends on the occupied portion of the container; gas - depends on the container

what are intermolecular forces

forces of attraction between molecules

does intermolecular forces affect the properties of substances? if yes, which one?

yes, it affects the substance’s properties such as boiling and melting points

what are the 5 main types of intermolecular forces

london dispersion interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, ion-ion, and ion-dipole

it is the weakest intermolecular forces

london dispersion interaction

where does london dispersion happen between

temporary dipoles

what is the difference between polar and nonpolar atoms

polar atoms are atoms in which one part that are slightly positive and the other is slightly negative, resulting in an uneven distribution. nonpolar atoms are atoms that have an equal amount of charge

what are temporary dipoles

Temporary dipoles happen when electrons in a molecule move around and create a brief, uneven distribution of charge. Even in nonpolar molecules, the random motion of electrons can cause one side to become slightly negative and the other side slightly positive but only for a short time.

does london dispersion exist in all substances?

yes, it exists in all substances, whether polar or non-polar.

true or false: LDI arises from the temporary polarities that form across a molecule when electrons do not circulate

false, it arises from the temporary polarities that form across a molecule when electrons DO circulate

example of london dispoersion interaction

NOTE: For one helium atom, London dispersion forces cause a dipole to form on neighboring helium atom.

Br2, H2, N2

it is a strong intermolecular forces that occurs between partially opposite charge ions

DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS

where does dipole dipole interactions occur

between partially opposite charge ions (polar)

type of force in dipole dipole interactions

attractions, not full bonds, because no electrons are shared between the molecules

example of dipole dipole interaction

HCl

Chlorine atom: more electronegative= partial negative charge

Hydrogen atom: partial positive charge

Water

Hydrogen atom: partial positive charge

Oxygen atom: partial negative charge

The strongest intermolecular forces

hydrogen bonding

where does hydrogen bonding occur

between atoms and ion pairs of electronegative elements (Hydrogen), such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine

example of hydrogen Bonding

Ammonia (NH3)

Water (H2O)

Alcohol (C2H6O)

what type of bond is in hydrogen bonding

polar covalent

Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions with opposite charges. • Known as ionic bonding (metals and non-metals bonding)

ion-ion

example of intermolecular forces

NaCl

CaCl

MgO

An attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule. • Often found in solution of ionic compounds in polar liquid

ION-DIPOLE

examples of ion-dipole

Silver hydroxide

Table salt dissolved in water

characteristic of intermolecular forces

temporary and can be physically broken apart

characteristic of intramolecular forces

can be broken apart through chemical reactions

is there a presence of liquid in ion-ion

no

what is the difference between ion-ion and ionic bonding

ion-ion is intermolecular force and ionic bonding is intramolecular force