Language Development Exam #3

What are the three major developmental milestones in cognition and language during the preschool years

decontexualized language

theory of mind

emergent literacy

What is decontextualized language and why is it important to academic success?

relies on language itself for meaning

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What are the names and definitions of the three (3) key achievements in preschool

emergent literacy skills?

alphabet knowledge→ own name advantage, letter name pronunciation, letter order, consonant order

print awareness→ understanding that print carries meaning

phonological awareness→ sensitivity to the sound structure of words (shallow and deep)

What is the connection between oral and written language skills?

oral language is the foundation for written language

-oral language is a natural process, written language is taught

-children’s oral language skills are predictive of their ability to read and write

What are three (3) phonological awareness skills and what is the definition of each

skill?

rhyme identification→ identifies a word that rhymes

syllable segmentation→ tells us how many syllables are in a word

phoneme blending→ blends given phonemes to make a word

What are two (2) major achievements in Form for preschool children and what

component of language do they represent?

increased elaboration and complexity of sentence structure (syntax)

children acquire grammatical and derivational morphemes in order (morphology)

What are two (2) major achievements in Content for preschool children and what

component of language do they represent?

children start mapping to learn new words, 3 types (semantics)

start using relational terms (semantics)

What are two (2) major achievements in Use for preschool children and what

component of language do they represent?

start using discourse functions (pragmatics)

start using fictional and personal narratives (pragmatics)

What are the two (2) major language processes that differentiate school-age from

preschool language and what is the definition of each?

Shifting sources of language input→ children gain more language input from text, learning language becomes more individualized

Acquisition of metalinguistic competence→ the ability to think about and analyze language as an object of attention

What are the five (5) stages of Chall’s Scheme of Reading Development in order

from earliest obtained to latest?

Initial reading/ decoding (k-1st grade)

Confirmation, fluency, and ungluing from print (2nd-3rd grade)

Reading to learn the new (Grade 4-8/9)

Multiple Viewpoints (highschool)

Construction and Reconstruction (college)

What is one skill associated with each of the five (5) stages of Chall’s Scheme of

Reading Development in order from earliest obtained to latest?

Initial reading/ decoding→ associating sounds with letters (phonics)

Confirmation, fluency, and ungluing from print→ reading becomes more automatic

Reading to learn the new→ learn to read beyond egocentric purposes so they can learn about the world

Multiple Viewpoints→ can consider multiple viewpoints about an issue

Construction and Reconstruction→ use advanced cognitive skills

What is the difference between derivational morphemes and grammatical morphemes?

Derivational→ changes the meaning of the word

Grammatical→ add grammatical info like tense, or number without changing the meaing

What is complex syntax and why do school-age children need to understand and

use complex syntax?

developmentally advanced grammatical structures that demonstrate a decontextualized language style

-school age children need to understand and use complex syntax because it is needed for persuasive writing and narrative tasks

What are three (3) types of figurative language and what are the definitions of each?

Metaphors→ comparison saying two things or ideas are the same

Similes→ comparison using like or as

Hyperbole→ exaggerations/ overstatements

Idioms→ contain figuative as well as literal meaning

Irony→ general unmet expectations

Sarcasm→ specific person’s failure to meet expectations

Proverbs→ statements about wisdom/ beliefs

What are two (2) major achievements in Form for school-age children and what

component of language do they represent?

morphophonemic development (phonology)

derivational prefixes and suffixes (morphology)

What are two (2) major achievements in Content for school-age children and what

component of language do they represent?

development of literate language (semantics)

understanding of lexical and sentential abilities (semantics)

What are two (2) major achievements in Use for school-age children and what

component of language do they represent?

functional flexibility (pragmatics)

develops 4 types of narratives (pragmatics)

Difficulty producing /s/ clusters and liquids

form, phonology

Deictic term

content, semantics

conversational skills

use, pragmatics

locational prepositions

content, semantics

fictional narrative

use, pragmatics

kinship term

content, semantics

irregular past tense

form, morphology

temporal term

content, semantics

personal narrative

use, pragmatics

phonological processes (ex, gliding, cluster reduction)

form, morphology

subject-verb-object-adverb sentence

form, syntax

sentence containing a coordinating conjuction

form, syntax