Chapter 10: Language Production and Bilingualism

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/73

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

74 Terms

1
New cards

selecting the correct word

what involves activating the correct, grammatical, semantic and phonological information.

2
New cards

900 milliseconds

How long does it take to initiate production of the name for the object after fixating on it ?

3
New cards

True

True or False

Some researchers argue that speakers retrieve grammatical, semantic, and phonological information of a word at the same time

4
New cards

Miranda van Turennout

Conducted research with Dutch-speaking individuals in order to provide evidence for "independent access"

5
New cards

Spanish, French and German

What languages are similar with Dutch?

6
New cards

40 milliseconds

Researchers demonstrated that speakers access the grammatical gender of the word about ______ ________ before they access the word's phonological properties

7
New cards

slips-of-the-tongue

errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

8
New cards

slips-of-the-tongue

key piece of evidence used to inform theories of language production

9
New cards

Gary Dell

proposed the three kinds of slips-of-tongue that are especially common in English

10
New cards

Sound errors

when sounds in nearby words are exchanged

11
New cards

morpheme errors

which occur when morphemes are exchanged in nearby words

12
New cards

morpheme

smallest meaningful units in language ex: -ly -in

13
New cards

word errors

occurs when words are exchanged

14
New cards

word

we are likely to create a _________ than a nonword when we make a slip-of-the-tongue error

15
New cards

message planning

first stage of producing a sentence

16
New cards

gist

overall meaning of the message we intend to generate

17
New cards

grammatical encoding

second stage of producing a sentence, the words necessary to convey the planned message are selected and the correct morphology is added to the words, additionally each word must be ordered, one after the another.

18
New cards

phonological encoding

third stage of producing a sentence, convert the units of the planned utterance into a sound code, and this information is used in order to generate the correct movements of the mouth and vocal tract during the speaking act

19
New cards

False

True or False

We begin to plan the final part of a sentence after we have pronounced the first part of that sentence

20
New cards

prosody

"melody" of its intonation, rhythm, and emphasis and can be used to clarify an ambiguous message

21
New cards

discourse

language units that are larger than a sentence

22
New cards

narrative

type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events

23
New cards

time-related sequence , emotionally involving

the events in a narrative are arranged in a ___________ _______ _________ and are often ___________ ____________

24
New cards

favorable light

storytellers usually choose their words carefully, presenting their own actions in a ? Also they try to make the story more entertaining

25
New cards

unusual

the format of a narrative is _______ because it allows the speaker to "hold the floor" for an extended period

26
New cards

6

how many parts are there in a narrative

27
New cards

parts of the narrative

- brief overview of the story

- summary of characters and settings

- an action that made the situation complicated

- point of the story

- resolution of the story

- final signal that the narrative is complete

28
New cards

social

producing language is inherently ?

29
New cards

gestures

visible movements of any part of your body, which you use to communicate

30
New cards

genevieve calbris

according to her gesture is "a mental image's witness"

31
New cards

different cultures

the same intentional gestures may convey different meanings in _________ __________

32
New cards

iconic gestures

type of gesture with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking

33
New cards

deictic gestures

type of gesture that involves pointing to some object or location while speaking and are often accompanied by words such this or that.

34
New cards

deictic and iconic gestures

what type of gestures do not convey information to a listener, but may be made by a speaker to help that speaker maintain a current speech pattern

35
New cards

beat gestures

gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech. does not convey specific information to a listener, but may be made by a speaker maintain a current speech pattern

36
New cards

Frick-Horbury and Guttentag

did a study wherein using hand movements helped participants determine the describe word faster, they help explain

37
New cards

True

True or False

We frequently produce gestures when we speak, especially when we want to discuss a concept that is easier to describe with body movements with words

38
New cards

False

Gestures cannot convey information that is not explicitly stated in speech and that a speaker didnt even knowingly intend to convey

39
New cards

embodied cognition

emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge, focuses on concrete physical actions, rather than the abstract meaning of language

40
New cards

naturalistic communication

during this, speakers make gestures and listeners have the ability to access information contained in those gestures

41
New cards

pragmatics

focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

42
New cards

framing

examines why we sometimes have trouble communicating with people who have different perspectives

43
New cards

common ground

occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

44
New cards

Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs

conducted a classic study on the collaboration process that we use when trying to establish common ground

45
New cards

6 trials and 12 figures in order

how many trials and figures did clark and wilkes-gibbs have for their study

46
New cards

quickly and efficiently

people who work together collaboratively can ______ and ______ develop common ground

47
New cards

directive

a sentence that asks someone to do something

48
New cards

direct request

resolves the interpersonal problem in a very obvious fashion

49
New cards

indirect request

uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner

50
New cards

brief but clear

linguists suggest that we typically state a request in what manner

51
New cards

linguists and sociologists

typically study how large groups use language

52
New cards

george lakoff

cognitive scientist in uc berkley that examined how language can structure our thinking

53
New cards

frame

describe our mental structures that simplify reality, our frames tend to structure what counts as facts

54
New cards

working memory

refers to brief, immediate memory for material that you are currently processing, also coordinates your ongoing mental activities

55
New cards

Ronald Kellogg

examined which components of working memory might be active during the writing process

56
New cards

phonological loop

stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time

57
New cards

visuospatial sketchpad

processes both visual and spatial information

58
New cards

visual information

what is relevant when you aretrying to define a concrete word, since you are likely to create a mental image

59
New cards

prewriting

before beginning a formal writing project by generating a list of ideas, it is difficult and strategic

60
New cards

proofreading stage

what stage does the revision process focus on

61
New cards

bilingual speaker

someone who is fluent in two different languages

62
New cards

multilingual speaker

someone who speaks more than two languages

63
New cards

simultaneous bilingualism

learning two languages simultaneously

64
New cards

sequential bilingualism

having a first and second language

65
New cards

native language ; second language

first language :______ ; ______:nonnative language

66
New cards

implication association test (IAT)

based on the principle that people can mentally pair related words together much more easily than they can pair unrelated words

67
New cards

metalinguistics

knowledge about form and structure of language

68
New cards

dementia

an acquired, persistent syndrome of cognitive deficits

69
New cards

age of acquisition

refers to the age at which you learned a second language

70
New cards

critical period hypothesis

ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a specific period in your life

71
New cards

phonology

sounds of a person's speech

72
New cards

interpreting

usually refers to the process of changing from a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language

73
New cards

translation

refers to this process of translating from a text written in language to a second written language

74
New cards

Ingrid Christoffels, annette De Groot and Judith Kroll

studied three groups of bilingual people whoe native language was dutch but were also fluent in english