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selecting the correct word
what involves activating the correct, grammatical, semantic and phonological information.
900 milliseconds
How long does it take to initiate production of the name for the object after fixating on it ?
True
True or False
Some researchers argue that speakers retrieve grammatical, semantic, and phonological information of a word at the same time
Miranda van Turennout
Conducted research with Dutch-speaking individuals in order to provide evidence for "independent access"
Spanish, French and German
What languages are similar with Dutch?
40 milliseconds
Researchers demonstrated that speakers access the grammatical gender of the word about ______ ________ before they access the word's phonological properties
slips-of-the-tongue
errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words
slips-of-the-tongue
key piece of evidence used to inform theories of language production
Gary Dell
proposed the three kinds of slips-of-tongue that are especially common in English
Sound errors
when sounds in nearby words are exchanged
morpheme errors
which occur when morphemes are exchanged in nearby words
morpheme
smallest meaningful units in language ex: -ly -in
word errors
occurs when words are exchanged
word
we are likely to create a _________ than a nonword when we make a slip-of-the-tongue error
message planning
first stage of producing a sentence
gist
overall meaning of the message we intend to generate
grammatical encoding
second stage of producing a sentence, the words necessary to convey the planned message are selected and the correct morphology is added to the words, additionally each word must be ordered, one after the another.
phonological encoding
third stage of producing a sentence, convert the units of the planned utterance into a sound code, and this information is used in order to generate the correct movements of the mouth and vocal tract during the speaking act
False
True or False
We begin to plan the final part of a sentence after we have pronounced the first part of that sentence
prosody
"melody" of its intonation, rhythm, and emphasis and can be used to clarify an ambiguous message
discourse
language units that are larger than a sentence
narrative
type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events
time-related sequence , emotionally involving
the events in a narrative are arranged in a ___________ _______ _________ and are often ___________ ____________
favorable light
storytellers usually choose their words carefully, presenting their own actions in a ? Also they try to make the story more entertaining
unusual
the format of a narrative is _______ because it allows the speaker to "hold the floor" for an extended period
6
how many parts are there in a narrative
parts of the narrative
- brief overview of the story
- summary of characters and settings
- an action that made the situation complicated
- point of the story
- resolution of the story
- final signal that the narrative is complete
social
producing language is inherently ?
gestures
visible movements of any part of your body, which you use to communicate
genevieve calbris
according to her gesture is "a mental image's witness"
different cultures
the same intentional gestures may convey different meanings in _________ __________
iconic gestures
type of gesture with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking
deictic gestures
type of gesture that involves pointing to some object or location while speaking and are often accompanied by words such this or that.
deictic and iconic gestures
what type of gestures do not convey information to a listener, but may be made by a speaker to help that speaker maintain a current speech pattern
beat gestures
gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech. does not convey specific information to a listener, but may be made by a speaker maintain a current speech pattern
Frick-Horbury and Guttentag
did a study wherein using hand movements helped participants determine the describe word faster, they help explain
True
True or False
We frequently produce gestures when we speak, especially when we want to discuss a concept that is easier to describe with body movements with words
False
Gestures cannot convey information that is not explicitly stated in speech and that a speaker didnt even knowingly intend to convey
embodied cognition
emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge, focuses on concrete physical actions, rather than the abstract meaning of language
naturalistic communication
during this, speakers make gestures and listeners have the ability to access information contained in those gestures
pragmatics
focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
framing
examines why we sometimes have trouble communicating with people who have different perspectives
common ground
occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding
Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs
conducted a classic study on the collaboration process that we use when trying to establish common ground
6 trials and 12 figures in order
how many trials and figures did clark and wilkes-gibbs have for their study
quickly and efficiently
people who work together collaboratively can ______ and ______ develop common ground
directive
a sentence that asks someone to do something
direct request
resolves the interpersonal problem in a very obvious fashion
indirect request
uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner
brief but clear
linguists suggest that we typically state a request in what manner
linguists and sociologists
typically study how large groups use language
george lakoff
cognitive scientist in uc berkley that examined how language can structure our thinking
frame
describe our mental structures that simplify reality, our frames tend to structure what counts as facts
working memory
refers to brief, immediate memory for material that you are currently processing, also coordinates your ongoing mental activities
Ronald Kellogg
examined which components of working memory might be active during the writing process
phonological loop
stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time
visuospatial sketchpad
processes both visual and spatial information
visual information
what is relevant when you aretrying to define a concrete word, since you are likely to create a mental image
prewriting
before beginning a formal writing project by generating a list of ideas, it is difficult and strategic
proofreading stage
what stage does the revision process focus on
bilingual speaker
someone who is fluent in two different languages
multilingual speaker
someone who speaks more than two languages
simultaneous bilingualism
learning two languages simultaneously
sequential bilingualism
having a first and second language
native language ; second language
first language :______ ; ______:nonnative language
implication association test (IAT)
based on the principle that people can mentally pair related words together much more easily than they can pair unrelated words
metalinguistics
knowledge about form and structure of language
dementia
an acquired, persistent syndrome of cognitive deficits
age of acquisition
refers to the age at which you learned a second language
critical period hypothesis
ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a specific period in your life
phonology
sounds of a person's speech
interpreting
usually refers to the process of changing from a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language
translation
refers to this process of translating from a text written in language to a second written language
Ingrid Christoffels, annette De Groot and Judith Kroll
studied three groups of bilingual people whoe native language was dutch but were also fluent in english