4ABCD

studied byStudied by 16 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Autocrine Signalling

1 / 56

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

57 Terms

1

Autocrine Signalling

signals that act on the cell that secreted them

New cards
2

Paracrine Signalling

signalling molecules that act on cells that are close by

New cards
3

Endocrine Signalling

signalling molecules that act on cells that are far from the gland/organ

New cards
4

Types of Hormones

Peptides (proteins), Steroids (lipids)

New cards
5

Ways cells communicate w/ each other

Hormones, Neurotransmitters, Cytokines, Pheromones

New cards
6

Cytokines

•Involved in communication between immune cells

•Regulating inflammation

•Response to cell damage or pathogens (autocrine or paracrine)

•Fighting infection

New cards
7

Pheromones

Signalling that is excreted into the external environment

Influence behaviour or physiology of another organism (unconscious communications)

E.g. triggering aggressive behaviour, attracting a mate, food trails

New cards
8

Stimulus Response Model (Cells)

Signalling molecule → reception → Transduction → Cellular response

New cards
9

Transduction

Converting the signal in a form that can be relayed to its final destination (can be one step or many)

New cards
10

Compare and contrast hormones and neurotransmitters

Hormones: Hormones are produced in endocrine glands and are secreted into the blood stream. Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are released by presynaptic nerve terminal into the synapse.

Hormones: have stronger effects but are slower, Neurotransmitters: have weaker effects but are faster

Hormones: act on distant target cells (endocrine signalling)

Neurotransmitters: act on cells close by (paracrine signalling)

New cards
11

Why would multi cellular organisms have different types of cell signalling?

multicellular organisms, cell signaling allows for specialization of groups of cells.

New cards
12

compartmentalisation

By concentrating the necessary components inside a small region within the cell, cell compartmentalization improves the efficiency of several subcellular activities. Intracellular membrane systems create enclosed compartments separated from the cytoplasm of the cell.

New cards
13

Cells replicate exponentially

after each round of replication the number of cells present doubles

New cards
14

Purposes of cell division

Growth and Development

As we grow larger, our cells don’t actually become larger. Instead, we are simply made of more cells. Therefore, for a multicellular organism to grow and develop, it is important that cells replicate.

Maintenance and Repair

Cells are constantly dying as they age or become damaged. Cell replication allows these cells to be replaced

Reproduction

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells replicate to reproduce. When they replicate, they are enlarging their population.

New cards
15

Binary Fission Step 1

A prokaryotic cell before binary fission

New cards
16

Binary Fission Step 2

The circular chromosome is uncoiled and is replicated. Plasmids are replicated too

New cards
17

Binary Fission Step 3

The cell elongates to prepare for cell division

New cards
18

Binary Fission Step 4

Cell undergoes cytokinesis in which the cell pinches inwards creating a septum

New cards
19

Binary Fission Step 5

A new cell wall and cell membrane is formed

New cards
20

Binary Fission Step 6

Two genetically identical daughter cells are created

New cards
21

Cell Cycle Stages

Gap 1 G1:

The new cell starts growing and replicating its organelles

Synthesis (S):

DNA replication occurs

Gap 2 (G2):

The cell continues to grow in preparation for division

Mitosis (M) and cytokinesis:

The single parent cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells.

New cards
22

Gap 0 G0

Performing all cell function but not preparing for cell division

New cards
23

difference of mitosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a whole cell divides

Cytokinesis is one of the steps of mitosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides.

New cards
24

Interphase

•Occurs between divisions

•Longest part of cycle

•‘Normal life’ of cell

•DNA replication happens here

New cards
25

1. Prophase

Chromosomes appear, nuclear membrane disappears and centrioles form as well as spindles made up from microtubules

<p>Chromosomes appear, nuclear membrane disappears and centrioles form as well as spindles made up from microtubules</p>
New cards
26

2. Metaphase

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and attach to a spindle fiber

<p>Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and attach to a spindle fiber</p>
New cards
27

3. Anaphase

•Each pair of chromatids are separated at the centromere and moves to the opposite pole

<p>•Each pair of chromatids are separated at the centromere and moves to the opposite pole</p>
New cards
28

4. Telophase

•Nucleus membrane forms

<p>•Nucleus membrane forms</p>
New cards
29

5. Cytokinesis

•Cytoplasm divides into two

<p>•Cytoplasm divides into two</p>
New cards
30

Why is it important for DNA to replicate before cell division?

DNA needs to replicate before cell division in order for new body cells to maintain the same number of chromosomes as their parent cell.

New cards
31

Checkpoints

End of G1,

grow or divide? Delay

•Checking DNA for any damage

•Got enough nutrients

•Cell size and growth is normal -> G0

End of G2,

  • has an error occurred during DNA replication? If yes, then the cell must undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).

  • Check size is normal

During Mitosis (end of metaphase),

are the chromosomes aligned ok? Are the spindle fibres attached correctly? If not, apoptosis will occur.

New cards
32

What happens if the checkpoints don’t work?

uncontrolled and unmonitored cell division, this is commonly known as cancer.

New cards
33

Apoptosis

the controlled death of cells in the body also called programmed cell death.

New cards
34

Cell death is required for a number of reasons

•Eg Tadpoles losing its tail and becomes a frog, or a human embryo losing the webbing between fingers and toes.

•Or when cells have reached the end of their life span, ware and tare or infection

•Controlling the number of cells in the body

•Damaged DNA

•Infection

New cards
35

How apoptosis occurs

•Caspase enzyme is responsible for apoptosis

•Signalling molecule produced

•Signal transduction occurs

•Stimulates enzymes

•It occurs in a number of steps

New cards
36

Pathways that initiate apoptosis

1.Mitochondrial Pathway (or intrinsic pathway)

2.Death Receptor Pathway (extrinsic pathway)

New cards
37

1.Mitochondrial Pathway (or intrinsic pathway)

•Detect damage and release cytochrome c into the cytosol which activate caspase enzymes

New cards
38

1.Death Receptor Pathway (extrinsic pathway)

•Immune cells release death signalling molecules that bind to the receptor proteins on the cell membrane, this initiates the caspase enzymes

New cards
39

Steps of apoptosis

1.Activation of caspase enzyme

2.Separation of adjacent cells

3.Collapse of the cells cytoskeleton

4.Cell shrinkage

5.Breakdown of organelles and nucleus

6.Blebbing of plasma membrane

7.Membrane breaks apart into vesical that secrete toxins

8.Phagocytosis of the apoptotic bodies by specialised cells (without spilling cells condense)

New cards
40

Phagocytosis

the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (form of endocytosis)

Vacuole v.s. Vesical

•Both are membrane bound organelles

•Vacuole is larger / Vesical is smaller

•Vacuole cannot fuse with the plasma membrane / vesical can

New cards
41
<p>Cell Cell Diagram</p>

Cell Cell Diagram

New cards
42
<p>Compare and contrast cancer cells with normal cells</p>

Compare and contrast cancer cells with normal cells

New cards
43
<p>Mutagens</p>

Mutagens

New cards
44

Stem cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can differentiate into specialised cells

New cards
45

Differentiation

development of a stem cell into a specialized cell with a particular function

New cards
46

Specialised cells

cells which serve a unique particular function (and have a particular structure)

New cards
47

Properties of Stem Cells

Self-renewal

Can replicate without disrupting their ability to differentiate (by producing both a differentiated cell and a new stem cell when they replicate)

Potency

Has the capacity to differentiate into different cell types (the higher the potency of a stem cell, the greater the number of cell types it can differentiate into)

New cards
48

Types of stem cells

1.Totipotent stem cells

1.Pluripotent stem cells

1.Multipotent stem cells

<p>1.<strong>Totipotent stem cells</strong></p><p>1.<strong>Pluripotent stem cells</strong></p><p>1.<strong>Multipotent stem cells</strong></p>
New cards
49

1.Totipotent stem cells

•Have the potential to become any cells/a complete new organism

•Occur in embryos (first month of development before the baby becomes a fetus)

•Then change into blastocyst which is a ball of cells with hollow outer layer (becomes placenta) with an inner mass (becomes fetus)

<p>•Have the potential to become any cells/a complete new organism</p><p>•Occur in embryos (first month of development before the baby becomes a fetus)</p><p>•Then change into <strong>blastocyst</strong> which is a ball of cells with hollow outer layer (becomes placenta) with an inner mass (becomes fetus)</p>
New cards
50

2.Pluripotent stem cells

•Can give rise to all types of cells in a fetus (not placenta)

•These are the cells we are investigating for medical use

<p>•Can give rise to all types of cells in a fetus (not placenta)</p><p>•These are the cells we are investigating for medical use</p>
New cards
51

3.Multipotent stem cells

Give rise to cells that have a particular function \n (e.g. multipotent blood stem cells make white/ red blood cells and platelets)

<p>Give rise to cells that have a particular function  \n (e.g. multipotent blood stem cells make white/ red blood cells and platelets)</p>
New cards
52

Compare and Contrast Embryonic vs Adult Stem Cell

knowt flashcard image
New cards
53

Example of differentiated cells

blood cells, skin cells, muscle cells, nerves

New cards
54

induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs)

are a type of pluripotent stem cell derived from adult somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem

(differentiation reversed)

New cards
55

Ethical Concepts

•Beneficence

•Is there a benefit to this initiative?

•Non-maleficence

•Does it cause harm?

•Justice

•Is it fair to everyone? Does it benefit everyone equally?

•Respect

•Does it show respect/provide dignity to all affected?

•Integrity

•Is research doing what it's saying it is going to do?

New cards
56

Ethics of Stem Cells for Medical Use

knowt flashcard image
New cards
57

Media Response to Article

1.Beneficence Is there a benefit to this initiative?

2.Non-maleficence Does it cause harm?

3.Justice Is it fair to everyone? Does it benefit everyone equally?

4.Respect Does it show respect/provide dignity to all affected?

5.Integrity Is research doing what it's saying it is going to do?

<p>1.<strong>Beneficence</strong> Is there a benefit to this initiative?</p><p>2.<strong>Non-maleficence</strong> Does it cause harm?</p><p>3.<strong>Justice</strong> Is it fair to everyone? Does it benefit everyone equally?</p><p>4.<strong>Respect</strong> Does it show respect/provide dignity to all affected?</p><p>5.<strong>Integrity</strong> Is research doing what it&apos;s saying it is going to do?</p>
New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 37 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 56 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (103)
studied byStudied by 11 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (23)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (42)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (77)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (73)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (46)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (51)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot