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study of interactions between atoms and molecules
_______ is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
Atoms interact to form ________
Elements
98% of the body weight of organisms has CHNOPS (stands for _________)
Atomic theory- elements consist of tiny particles called atoms made up of only one kind of atom
compound- different kinds of atoms
________ bonds- forces holding atoms in a compound
ions- atoms that have gained or lost ______ and are charged.
attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and another gains electrons
atoms make these by receiving and giving electron
a bond between a H atom bonded to O
indicated by dotted lines
tetrahedral shape
making or breaking of bonds between atoms
change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction
_________ reactions absorb energy.
_________ reactions release energy.
•Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
_________ is the synthesis of molecules in a cell.
Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
__________ is the decomposition reactions in a cell.
Can readily go in either direction.
Each direction may need special conditions
Important Biological Molecules
______ compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.
________ compounds typically lack carbon.
polar molecule
solvent
Polar substances dissociate, forming solutes
H+ and OH- participate in chemical reactions
________ is a substance that dissociates into one or more H+.
________- substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
______- substance that dissociates into one or more OH-
smallest units
C6 H12 O6= glucose
amino acid
glycerol +fatty acid
nucleotides
Biological molecules
carbohydrates
proteins
lipid
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic acids
C6 H12 O6= glucose, amino acid, nucleotides
macromolecules
monomers
organic compounds
Monomers join by _________ ___________ or condensation reactions
A
Are important for structure and as energy sources.
Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are ________ sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharides can be broken down by B__.
Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides.
___________ consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.
___________, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are _________ of glucose that are covalently bonded differently.
Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times.
a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure
adenine and guanine