2: Chemical Principles

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44 Terms

1
chemistry, atoms, molecules
  • study of interactions between atoms and molecules

  • _______ is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions

  • Atoms interact to form ________

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2
energy levels
Atoms are composed of
•Electrons: negatively charged particles
•Electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different ______ _________.
•Protons: positively charged particles
•Neutrons: uncharged particles
•Protons and neutrons= nucleus.
•Electrons= around the nucleus
- # protons= # electrons
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3
protons, neutrons
•Each chemical element has a different number of _________.
•Isotopes of an element are atoms with different numbers of _______.
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4
valence
•Atoms combine to complete the outermost shell.
•The number of missing or extra electrons in this shell is the ________.
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5
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) and Sulphur (S)

chemical, electrons

Elements

  • 98% of the body weight of organisms has CHNOPS (stands for _________)

  • Atomic theory- elements consist of tiny particles called atoms made up of only one kind of atom

  • compound- different kinds of atoms

  • ________ bonds- forces holding atoms in a compound

  • ions- atoms that have gained or lost ______ and are charged.

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6
Ionic bonds
  • attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and another gains electrons

  • atoms make these by receiving and giving electron

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7
covalent bonds
- two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
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8
hydrogen bonds

a bond between a H atom bonded to O

  • indicated by dotted lines

  • tetrahedral shape

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9
chemical reactions, Endergonic, Exergonic
  • making or breaking of bonds between atoms

  • change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction

  • _________ reactions absorb energy.

  • _________ reactions release energy.

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10
synthesis reactions, Anabolism
  • •Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

  • _________ is the synthesis of molecules in a cell.

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11
decomposition reactions, Catabolism
  • Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.

  • __________ is the decomposition reactions in a cell.

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12
exchange reactions
part synthesis and part decomposition
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13
reversible reactions
  • Can readily go in either direction.

  • Each direction may need special conditions

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14
Organic, Inorganic

Important Biological Molecules

  • ______ compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.

  • ________ compounds typically lack carbon.

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15
Inorganic compound: water
  • polar molecule

  • solvent

  • Polar substances dissociate, forming solutes

  • H+ and OH- participate in chemical reactions

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16
Acids, salt, Bases,
  • ________ is a substance that dissociates into one or more H+.

  • ________- substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

  • ______- substance that dissociates into one or more OH-

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17
Acid Base Balance
**• The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as pH.
• pH = -log[H+]
**• Increasing [H+], increases acidity.
**• Increasing [OH-] increases alkalinity.
• Most organisms grow best between pH 6.5 and 8.5.
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18
organic compounds, carbon skeleton, Functional
• The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is the ________ _________.
• __________ groups are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound
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19
amino
Biological importance- proteins
- add picture (31)
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20
phosphate
Biological importance- ATP, DNA
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21
macromolecules, polymers, monomers
organic compounds
• Small organic molecules can combine into large __________.
• Macromolecules are _________ consisting of many small repeating molecules (with covalent bonds).
• The smaller molecules are called _________.
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22

smallest units

  1. C6 H12 O6= glucose

  2. amino acid

  3. glycerol +fatty acid

  4. nucleotides

Biological molecules

  1. carbohydrates

  2. proteins

  3. lipid

  4. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

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23
glucose
- remember that those same number of elements can be used to form sucrose and fructose
know shape for exam
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24
  • carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic acids

  • C6 H12 O6= glucose, amino acid, nucleotides

  • macromolecules

  • monomers

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25
TO MAKE A BOND, WATER MOLECUELS HAS TO LEAVE
TO MAKE A BOND, WATER MOLECUELS HAS TO LEAVE
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26
dehydration synthesis

organic compounds

  • Monomers join by _________ ___________ or condensation reactions

  • A

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27
carbohydrates (starch)
  • Are important for structure and as energy sources.

  • Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n

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28
simple, Polysaccharides, starch, polymers

Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides are ________ sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

  • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis.

  • Disaccharides can be broken down by B__.

  • Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides.

  • ___________ consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.

  • ___________, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are _________ of glucose that are covalently bonded differently.

  • Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times.

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29
cell membranes, nonpolar
lipids (fats)
• Are the primary components of ________ _________.
• Consist of C, H, and O.
• Are _____ and insoluble in water.
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30
simple lipids, dehydration synthesis, double
•Called fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by ________ ___________.
•Unsaturated fats have one or more _____ bonds in the fatty acids.
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31
Complex lipids
• Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S.
• Membranes are made of phospholipids
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32
Enzymes, Transporter proteins
Proteins
•Are essential in cell structure and function.
•_________ are proteins that speed chemical reactions.
•_______ __________ move chemicals across membranes.
•Flagella are made of proteins.
•Some bacterial toxins are proteins.
•subunits= amino acids (42-43)
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33
Peptide bonds
between amino acids, are formed by dehydration synthesis.
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34
Levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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35
primary structure (protein structure)
polypeptide
(red line)
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36
secondary structure (protein structure)
occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats.
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37
tertiary structure (protein structure)
occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain.
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38
quaternary structure
consists of two or more polypeptides
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39
nucleic acids, Phosphate,
•Consist of nucleotides.
•Nucleotides consist of a:
+ Pentose
+ _________ group
+ Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

look at pic (49)
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40
purine
  • a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure

  • adenine and guanine

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41
pyrimidines
•have one ring in their structure
•Thymine and Cytosine
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42
DNA
•Has deoxyribose
•Exists as a double helix
•A hydrogen bonds with T
•C hydrogen bonds with G
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43
RNA
•Has ribose
•Is single-stranded
•A hydrogen bonds with U
•C hydrogen bonds with G
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44
ATP, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis
•Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
•Is made by ________ ________.
•Is broken by ___________ to liberate useful energy for the cell.
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