anatomy exam 4

The heart is a

Muscular double pump

The heart is Prodominantly

Muscle tissue

The heart shape is

Upside down backleaning cone

3 layers of the heart wall

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

3 layered sac covering the heart

Fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium

Pericardial Cavity is

The space between visceral and parietal Pericardium

Epicardium is

A visceral layer of pericardium, simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium is

Cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium is

The lining of Simple squamous epithelium that covers chambers and valves

Fibrous pericardium is

Dense connective tissue that adheres to the diaphragm and the roots of the large vessels

Visceral pericardium is

Epicardium, Simple savamous epithelium, mesothelium

Parietal pericardium is

The outer layer that adheres to inner surface of fibrous Pericardium, does not touch heart

Cardiac muscle bundles are

Circular muscles within the heart that decrease size of lumen when they contract

The atria are what in comparison to ventricles

Smaller and have thinner walls

The septum between atria and ventricles is made up of

Myocardium

The atria and ventricles are separated by

The coronary sulcus

The right and left ventricles are separated by

The Interventricular sulcus

The atria and ventricles are split by

The coronary sulcus

A trunk is

A large vessel that bifurcates

The pulmonary veins are

Red, oxygenated

The pulmonary arteries are

Blue, oxygen poor

The cristae terminalis marks the

Opening of IVC, SVC, and CS

Pectinate muscles are

Anterior structures on the outer wall of the atria

Fossa ovalis is

A small indent where the foramin that supplied us as fetuses was

Trabecular carneae

Small beams of muscle, in ventricles

Chord tendinae

Attaches papillary muscle to AV valves

Mitrial/bicuspid valve is on the

Left

Tricuspid value is on the

Right

Which ventricle has a thicker myocardium layer

Left, to increase pressure and force blood through systemic circuit

When the ventricle is full, the AV valve is

Closed

Semiulmar valves function to

Prevent backflow into ventricle

What is the beginning of electrical Conduction in the heart

The Sinoatrial node

The Sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node are

Neutralized cardiac Myocytes

Are neurons present in the electrical conduction system of the heart

No

The atrioventricular bundle connects

Atria to ventricles electrical

The purkinje fibers stimulate

Contractile cells of both ventricles, terminal point of electrical conduction

What stimulates contraction of the heart

Spontaneous depolarization

The main suppliers of blood to the myocardium are

Right and left coronary arteries

Anastomosis function

Junction of vessels that provides an alternate route for blood

Right coronary artery sits in the

Coronary sulcus

The left coronary artery branches to sit in

Anterior atrioventricular septum and other goes to meet the right Coronary artery

Atherosclerosis is

Fatty deposits in the inner lining of arteries that can occlude bloodflow

Agina pectoris is

Chest pain from tissue hypoxia In the myocardium or from a spastic coronary artery

Arfarct is

An area that is no longer recieving blood/oxygen

Systole means

Ventricles are contracted, AV values are closed

Diastolic means

Ventricles are relaxed, valves are open

Veins have larger - than arteries

Lumens

Arteries have larger - than veins

Tunica media (smooth muscle tissue)

Tunica externa is

Connective tissue surrounding blood vessels that adheres them to organs

Tunica Intima is

Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and is continuous W/ endocardium

Capillaries are made up of

Endothelial cells (ss epithelium) and a basement membrane of connective tissue

The vasa vasorum functions to

Supply muscle tissue within a blood vessel

Arteriole'S are

Arteries that lead into capillaries

Muscular arteries are

Arteries with Thick tunica media

Elastic arteries are

Arteries with large lumens and lots of elastin, like the aorta

Vasoconstriction is

When the tunica media in an artery contracts, allowing less blood flow

Vasudiliation is

When the tunica media In an artery relaxes, allowing more bloodflow

Is the tunica media ever fully relaxed?

No, always have some tone.

How do red blood cells flow through capillaries

In a single file line to enhance contact of RBC'S with inside layer of capillary

Precapillary sphincters are

Circular smooth muscle that surrounds base of the capillaries, closing them Off and forcing blood through vascular shunt

Vascular shunt is

A way to get blood through to vins without supplying blood out to capillaries

Molecules pass in and out of capillaries through

Diffusion, intercellular clefts, pinocytotic vesicles, or feneStration's

FeneStration's are

Similar to nuclear pores, fastest route of molecule exchange

How do molecules pass in and out of the blood brain barrier

Glucose is ushered across wall, complete tight junctions

Must blood exists where at rest

In veins

Veins are a - pressure system

Low

How does blood in the veins fight gravity

Values prevent back flow and skeletal muscle pumps push bloodup

Anastomoses are more common in

Veins

Anestemoses are common near

Joints and important organs

Circumflex vessels

Go around long, skinny structures

Anastomosis is

When two blood vessels connect, allowing for alternative pathways for blood

Circle of Willis is

The vascular arrangement of brain arteries

A communicating artery is

An anistimonic vessel that connects 2 structures

The respiratory zone is

Sites of gas exchange in the lungs, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

Conducting zone

Respiratory passageways that carry air to sites of gas exchange, filters, humidifies, and warms air

All respiratory cartilage is

Hyaline cartilage

Septal cartilage is

The cartilage between nostrils that connects ethmoid and vomer bones

The roof of the nasal cavity is made up of

The sphenoid and ethmoid bone

The floor of the nasal cavity is made up of

The hard pallets and soft pallet

The hard Pallete is

Maxilla and palatine bones

The soft palate is

Muscle tissue

Nasal conchae is

A sticky surface that swirls air in nasal cavity to increase contact with nasal mucosa and warm air

Paranasal sinuses are

Air filled cavities lined with respiratory mucosa that dump into nasal cavity

Types of Paranasal sinuses

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla

Olfactory mucosa is

On the roof of the nasal cavity and houses olfactory neurons/dendrites

_Respiratory mucosa is

The covering of the rest of the nasal cavity, psudustratified ciliates columnar epithelium

Goblet cells secrete

Mucus

Serous cells secrete

Digestive enzymes

Nasopharynx is from

Internal naves to uvula

Oropharynx is from

Uvula to epiglottis

Laryngopharynx is from

Epiglottis to larynx

Uvula functions to

Stop backflow of liquid/food up into nose

Nasopharynx contains

Psudostrutifica Ciliated columnar epithelium

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx contains

Stretchy, protective, stratified squamous epithelium

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are

Chunks of immune cells in the nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils are in the

Oropharanged cavity

Lingual tonsils can be found

Past bottom 1/3 of tongue

The larynx is the

Voicebox, 9 cartilages connected by ligaments

The larynx is continuous with

The hyoid bone and the trachea

Functions of the larynx

Vocals , open airway with ring of cartilage, routing food and air to correct passage (epiglottis)