AP EURO UNIT 3

Simmons

Why did the English Civil War start?

the Stuart monarchs’ efforts to make England an absolute monarchy

Why did James I clash with English Parliament?

because of his absolutist beliefs with English Parliament (divine right of kings)

Who is King Charles I?

James’ son. belief in the divine right of kings. Increased strife with English Parliament

what was the House of Commons?

non-noble members of English Parliament. made mostly of Puritans

What did Charles I do with English Parliament?

ruled without them for 11 years

what led to civil war in 1642?

Charles denied the Parliament’s demands give them control of the army and power to assume control of the Anglican Church.

what were the two sides of the English Civil War?

Parliamentarians vs. Royalists

Parliamentarians:

• Roundheads

• seeking change

• Puritans

Royalists:

• Cavaliers

• supporting the monarchy

Leader of the Parliamentarians

Oliver Cromwell. leads them to victory.

what was the name of the republic established by Cromwell?

“Common Wealth”. included England, Scotland, and Ireland

What happens to Charles I

executed by Parliamentary forces

Who was James II?

a Roman Catholic. his rule marked growing absolutism and Catholic sympathies which created worries.

Why did Parliment call on William of Orange?

to invade and get rid of the king, James II

what is the Glorious Revolution?

The peaceful accession of William and his wife Mary to the throne in England

what was the English bill of rights?

established Parliamentary sovereignty by limiting the monarchs’ powers and extending some of Parliament. went on to create the idea of a constitutional monarchy

Where did the Agricultural revolution begin?

The Agricultural Revolution began in Britain 18th century.

Crop Rotation:

rotation of crops such as turnips, alfalfa, and clover over successive seasons which greatly improved soil quality and amount of food produced

Mixed Farming

raising livestock and crops on the same land. manure enhanced the soil and fields became more productive

Seed drill and mechanical hoe

created by Jethro Tull in 1701. one metered out seeds in lines and covered them in dirt, the other removed weeds from between the seed rows

The thresher:

made by Andrew Meikle in 1784. separated grains from plants

Enclosure Movement

laws allowing the sale of public lands(Commons). made it easier to put barriers around lands.

Results of the Enclosure Movement

• bigger, high-intensity farms

• specialized farming, more efficient and profitable

• many smaller farmers suffered, revolts, protesting.

• landless peasants

• prosperous yeoman farmers

National Market

farmers were no longer just supplying family/community. spurred new economic activity. (merchants, middlemen, transporters, lines of credit, insurance and banks)

internal tariffs were:

eliminated by government and lowered prices, people have more money to spend.

Customs Barriers

designed to protect trade. government-imposed restrictions on trade

water meadows

fields of grass near rivers. periodically flooded using irrigation, river nutrients improved grasses for grazing and improved production involving animals

benefits of the Columbian exchange:

• reduced starvation

• diverse diets, better health and longevity

• increased immigration and agricultural trade

cottage industry

“putting out system”. merchants employed individuals to work from home and produce finished products while giving wages

advantages of the cottage industry

• workers: remain at home while working for wages, earning more money on a larger scale

• Merchants: low wages, increased efficiency

who had the most dramatic commercial changes in Europe?

Britain

what wool was the finest in Europe?

Britain.

result of the textile industry

new jobs paid high —> shift to a money based economy

what place earned 3 times as much as other workers in Vienna or Florence?

London

what did Britain develop?

a market economy (self-sustaining growth)

Le Chapelier Law

in France, 1791. promoted free enterprise while restricting worker associations (guilds and trade unions)

Bank of England

a limited-liability Corporation. provided the British government with access to loans and played a crucial role in its economic and military expansion

limited-liability Corporation

shielded investors from a corporation's debts, meaning their personal assets (homes, savings) are safe, and their potential financial loss is restricted to the amount they invested in the company's stock or ownership

commercial revolution

a period of unprecedented expansion of Commerce and trade. stemmed from demand for Asian goods like silk and spices. had major advancements in trading and exploration

Mercantilism

policy used by European nations from the 16th to 18th century. limited Imports by using tariffs and maximized exports by forcing its colonies to trade only with the ruling Nation. gained more wealth and enabled a country to have a strong military.

what drove more Colonization?

Mercantilism and the need to increase a nations power by gaining political and economic control

what part of the world did Portugal claim?

Brazil

what part of the world did Spain claim?

Latin America(not Brazil) and the Pilippines

what part of the world did the Netherlands claim?

parts of Indonesia

what part of the world did France claim?

parts of Canada and central part of present US

what part of the world did England claim?

parts of eastern North America, eastern Australia, and New Zealand

what was Latin America claimed for?

sliver and gold

what was North America claimed for?

timber, fish, and furs

what was colonies In the Caribbean claimed for?

plantation crops (sugar, tobacco, and cotton)

what was Asia and Africa claimed for?

silks, teas, spices, and minerals

colonies provided:

new opportunities for trade, resources for European manufacturing, new markets. developments in institutions like charter companies, insurance companies, and national banks

Economies shifted to:

Feudal model —> system driven more by wages and consumer demand

capitilism

FREE MARKET AND NO TARIFFS OR BARRIERS TO TRADE.

what sparked the 80 years war?

Dutch growing unhappy under Spanish rule and the Reformation

what Act declared Dutch independence from Spain?

Act of Abjuration

who did the Dutch Republic have beef with?

Britain

what officially established the Dutch Republic

Union of Utrecht.

what made up the Dutch Republic?

Northern Provinces of the Netherlands

why was the Dutch East India Company established in 1602?

to promote trade due to the other European powers trying to squeeze them out of trade in Asia

what was the Dutch East India Company

a joint stock company

Joint stock company:

shareholders can buy stock

What kind of government did the Dutch have?

An Oligarchy

Stadholder

Served as delegates in the Estates-General

Estates-General

a legislative body responsible for military and foreign policy decisions.

What was the Dutch oligarchy made up of?

rural landholders and urban gentry

urban gentry

upper-class townspeople who were often professionals or merchants

what city became the most prosperous under the VOC

Amsterdam

characteristics of Dutch Golden Age:

• less disparity between classes

• more religious tolerance

• cultural flowering in the arts

• development in Philosophy and Science

Artist of the golden age:

Rembrant and Johannes Vermeer

Jan Pieterszoon

leading organ Dutch composer of the era

Benedict de Spinoza

leading exponets of rationalism and key figure of Enlightenment

Christiaan Huygens

formulated the wave theory of light and the shape of Saturn s rings

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

laid groundwork for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology

Divine Right

Power is derived directly from God.

Diplomacy and Military advances

Used to prevent one power from becoming too dominant.

Sweden's Central Administration

Was the most modern in Europe.

Absolutism

Emerged as a dominant thing with many monarchs believing they ruled by divine right.

Louis XIV

Example of an absolute monarch, expanding power through Wars like the Dutch war, 9 years war, and War of the Spanish secession.

Gustavus Adolphus

Pioneering military innovations, made the Swedish army stronger, created Supreme court, National treasury, and a war office.

Dutch Revolt

Also known as the 80 years war, fueled by religious differences and economic competition within the Netherlands wanting to break free of Spain.

Outcome of Dutch Revolt

Resulted in Spanish power decline, especially since Netherlands capital of Amsterdam outstripped Spanish-controlled Antwerp as Europe's Center of Commerce.

Catalan Revolt

King Philip IV of Spain tried to centralize power and raise taxes which resulted in the downfall of his minister, count Olivaries.

Fronde

Uprisings in France between 1648 to 1653 to check Monarch power under Cardinal Mazarin.

Bohemian Estates

Represented by Czech people, rose against Habsburg efforts to impose Catholicism and centralize power.

Jan Hus

15th century religious reformer who advocated for church reform and contributed to the strong sense of Bohemian national identity.

Prussia:

Rose under the Hohenzollern dynasty.

Frederick William I

Expanded Prussia's territories through a large powerful Army funded by taxes.

Frederick the Great

Further enhanced Prussia's military might, challenging Habsburg's.

Sejm

Poland's legislative body, believed in Liberum veto, making it difficult for the Polish government to be effective or decisive.

Liberum veto

A single negative vote could block any decision, an idea adopted by Poland to try to prevent tyranny.

Civil War in Poland

When it broke out, Russia, Prussia, and Austria took advantage of it by carrying out the three partitions which wiped Poland off of the European map for over a century.

Jean Bodin

French philosopher who asserted the belief of divine right.

Balance of power

No single nation could dominate the continent or new world.

Who revoked the Edict of Nantes?

Louis XIV

INTENDANTS

Representatives that went to Countryside to run the country on behalf of the king

GRAND EMBASSY

Group of 250 boyars

BOYARS

The ancient landed aristocracy

HOLY SYNOD

Made up of officials and Priests obedient to the tsar in Russia, established by Peter the Great

Britain's dominance

Britain dominated Europe in much of the rest of the world for 150 years due to its strength that came from its constitutional government compared to the absolute monarchies

Absolutism and divine rights

Often used to suppress and maintain order in society