Biology - key things from past papers

size of cells

eukaryotic - up to 40 micrometers

prokaryotic - 1-5 micrometers

virus components

1. dna or rna

2. protein capsid

3. only some have an outer phospholipid layer

test for sugars

add benedicts, colour change from blue to yellow to brick red

non-reducing sugars test

non reducing sugars (sucrose) have to be broken down by HCl before benedicts

alpha glucose

amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

only 1,4 glycosidic bonds

amylose, cellulose

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

amylopecting, glycogen

higher enzyme affinity

lower Km

competitive inhibitor

binds to active site

tunica media (middle layer) contains

collagen fibres, elastic fibres and smooth muscle

systolic blood pressure

maximum blood pressure in arteries

diastolic blood pressure

minimum blood pressure in arteries

A

AV valve closes

B

SL valve opens

C

SL valve close

D

AV valves open

factors resulting in the bohr shift

high CO2 concentration, increasing temperature, high acidity

Cholera pathogen

Bacterium - Vibrio Cholerae

Malaria pathogen

Protoctist - Plasmodium

Malaria vector

Female anopheles mosquito

AIDS pathogen

Virus - HIV

Tuberculosis pathogen

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

glucose + glucose

maltose

alpha glucose and fructose

sucrose

galactose and glucose

lactose

test for starch

add iodine - colour change orange → dark blue/black

state with saturated fatty acids

solid at room temp

lipid bond

ester

carbohydrate bond

glycosidic

protein bond

peptide

dna bond

phosphodiester