PSYC - FINAL

4 core motivations

form trusting relationships, to belong, to perceive ourselves positively, to feel a sense of control

3 types of impressions

effortful, transference, false consensus

transference

applying schemas of people you already know to new people with similar features

Tricylics

For depression and OCD, block transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after release

Flynn effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years

cyclothymia

disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more

matched treatment approach eclecticism

carefully assesses a client and then selects the best therapy or combination of therapies for that person's presenting complaint sticking with EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED treatments

dialectical behavioral therapy

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder that combines elements of the behavioral and cognitive treatments with a mindfulness approach based on Eastern meditative practices

A mix-and-match approach to eclecticism

mix and match different approaches to treat a psychological disorder

Eclecticism

In psychotherapy, drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system.

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

dodo bird verdict

the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies

empirically supported therapies

treatments whose effects have been validated by controlled experimental research

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

a treatment procedure for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

rapid pulses of magnetic stimulation from a hand-held coil placed close to the scalp used to alter neuronal activity in fully awake patients

vagal nerve stimulation

an emerging biomedical treatment for depression that involves electrically stimulating the vagus nerve with a small battery-powered implant

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Tardive Diskinesia (TD)

a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet

anticonvulsants

drugs used to treat mania and depression

bensodiazepines

The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.

anxiolytics

drugs that reduce anxiety

mood stabilizers

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

atypical depressants

miscellaneous group of drugs with antidepressant effects but only mild side effects

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

a group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters

atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotics that target both negative and positive symptoms but do not have significant side effects common to older antipsychotics

Flat effect (schizophrenia)

a lack of emotional responsiveness

psychotropic medications

drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning

third wave therapies

assist clients with accepting and being mindful of and attuned to all aspects of their experience, including thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical sensations

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

negative cognitive triad

negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

rational emotive behavioral therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Contingency management

A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences.

token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges

in vivo exposure

a behavioral therapy method that consists of direct exposure to a feared or avoided situation or stimulus

3 techniques of gestalt therapy

focusing
hot seat technique: therapist directly challenges the client
empty chair technique: role-playing intervention where client plays devil and angel

Gestalt therapy

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

ego psychology

a school of psychodynamic thought that emphasizes the skills and adaptive capacities of the ego

glove anesthesia

a mental disorder involving loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist

subsyndromal disorder

versions of psychological disorders that don't meet the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis but that may nonetheless cause significant problems

Trephination

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

Cluster A personality disorders (weird)

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Cluster B personality disorders (Wild)

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Cluster C personality disorders (worried)

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

a psychological disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

schizotypal personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

dopamine hypothesis

the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

disorganized behavior (schizophrenia)

the considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing the tasks of everyday life

positive vs negative symptoms

positive: something added (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech)
negative: something removed (lack of emotion)

Hypomania

A mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless.

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

concordance rate

the presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins

post-traumatic stress disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

a disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor that lasts less than one month

obsession

A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

compulsion

a ritualistic act that is intended to control the obsession

diathesis-stress model

states that the onset of mental illness involves the interaction of 2 key factors: a genetic predisposition and a stressor

point prevalence

The percentage of people in a given population who have a given disorder at any particular point in time.

lifetime prevalence

The percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given disorder at any point in their lives.

4 Ds for the DSM-5 Model

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

socioemotional selectivity theory

The theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks to only maintain rewarding relationships

Kohlberg's stages of morality

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

4 parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved/disengaged

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational

Teratogens

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

Genomewide complex-trait analysis (GCTA)

finds a heritability of intelligence that is a bit lower than the heritability found in studies that compare twins and other related individuals

3 criteria of an intelligence test

standardization, reliability, validity

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

proposes seven areas of intelligence including: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

general intelligence (g factor)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

"Less is more" hypothesis

children have more limited information-processing abilities, fewer analytical skills and less specific knowledge about how language works than adults do

overregularization errors

errors in which a child applies a grammatical rule to a word that does not follow the rule

linguistic determinism hypothesis

the proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world; the view taken by Sapir and Whorf

bounded rationality

Cognitive limitations that constrain one's ability to interpret, process, and act on information.

3 levels of concepts

superordinate, basic, subordinate

4 psychological impacts of chronic stress

impaired cognition, impairs working memory, reduces cognitive flexibility, narrows attention

implementation intentions

people's specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal

Type A personality

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious

Type B personality

Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.

allostatic load

the long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

a physiological system that governs the body's prolonged response to a stressful event, enabling the conservation of energy

sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) system

a physiological system that governs the body's immediate response to a stressful event, enabling the ability to fight or flee

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Stress appraisal theory

primary appraisal: perception of the demands
Secondary appraisal: evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with stress

self-determination theory

wellbeing is motivated by autonomy, competence, relatedness

depressive realism

theory proposing that depressed people see the world more accurately because they lack an illusion of control

locus of control

internal: the perception that you control your own fate
external: the perception that chance/outside forces control your fate

PERSON model of personality

personality, error, residual, stereotypes, opinion, norms

Big 5 personality traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Lexical Hypothesis (Gordon Allport)

if there are traits to describe human behavior, then we must have a word for them

7 defense mechanisms

repression, reaction formation, displacement, projection, identification, sublimation, rationalization

Savant syndrome

A syndrome in a developmentally disabled person who has some remarkable talent that contrasts with his low level of general intelligence.