AP LANG sem 1 final review

vocab and syntax

indefatigable

(adj) person(or efforts) persisting tirelessly. When Fiona sets her mind to something, she is an indefatigable force of nature.

impenetrable

1. Impossible to pass through or enter 2. Impossible to understand. Oftentimes, kids think that their parents speak an impenetrable language, much like Far Side's famous "Blah...blah...Ginger" cartoon.

diffuse

(verb) spread or cause to spread over a large area (adj) spread out; not concentrated Luckily, when Joel opened the windows, the smell of burnt fish diffused, the concentration dissipating as the breeze blew it out the windows and into the night.

temerity

(noun) excessive confidence or boldness; audacity While confidence is an admirable attribute in most settings, the old adage, "too much of a good thing" can be applied when that confidence turns into an ignorant and untried temerity.

immaterial

adj) not important or relevant The fact that Fiona also failed to do her chores is immaterial despite Finlay's desire to spread the blame and potentially excuse himself from his own failure to do his work.

immolate

(verb) offer as a sacrifice, giving up to destruction(often by fire) Daenerys' self immolation in season one of Game of Thrones is one of the best scenes because out of the fire and destruction emerge her dragons.

tenacious

(adj) determined; keeping a firm grip on something; persevering. Bulldogs are the most tenacious of dogs, unwilling to relinquish any and all toys, bones, or other yard detritus.

prudent

(adj) careful, cautious Much of Driver's Ed has to do with educating young drivers on how to make split-second, prudent responses behind the wheel.

evocative

adj) bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind The Things They Carried contains innumerable evocative passages that O'Brien created to convey the terrible beauty of war.

introspection

(noun) the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct Making time for daily introspection has become harder and harder in a world that is perpetually "on"; we as humans struggle to prioritize looking inward at our own selves.

disparate

(adjective) 1. fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind 2. including markedly dissimilar elements Many schools are unequipped to teach children with disparate math skills in a single classroom. Some educators lack the training they need to help students who have fallen behind, while also challenging those working at grade level or beyond

convergence

(noun) the state of separate elements joining or coming together What appears to be missing in Congress today is any sort of meaningful or lasting convergence that would lead to productivity.

anachronistic

(adj) out-of-date; belonging to a period other than that being portrayed Having anachronistic cell phones in your script about the 1960s' Civil Rights Movement detracts from its authenticity.

Surreal

(adjective) 1. characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtapositions; unreal. 2. resembling a dream The word surreal is derived from the Surrealist art movement, which sought to smudge the lines between fantasy/imagination and reality, between dream and awake; artists like Picasso and writers like Faulkner added dimension through a thought-provoking juxtaposition of discordant elements.

fortuitous

(adj) happening by luck; fortunate Staying out past curfew was a groundable offense in Mary's house, so she thought it extremely fortuitous that both her parents were sound asleep when she got home 2 hours past the accepted time.

CHRON

Greek root meaning time.

SPEC

Latin root meaning to look at or to examine

entreaty

(n.) earnest request or petition; supplication; plea. Their entreaties for equality went unheard in the end.

equivocate

(v.) To avoid making an explicit statement. Your attempt to avoid responsibility by equivocating will only get you further into trouble.

flout

(v.) to show contempt for; to scoff at. The socialists flouted the wealth accumulated by the greedy capitalist.

harbinger

(n.) a person or thing that announces or indicates the approach of something; forerunner. In medieval times, birds were considered harbingers of good or bad events.

rend

(v.) to separate into parts with force or violence. When Kip is angry he rends his toys into a billion parts.

largess

(n.) liberality in bestowing gifts; extremely liberal and generous of spirit. The wealthy businessman was known mostly for his largess, after leaving his entire fortune to the orphanage.

laud

(v.) to praise or glorify. The students were lauded at the academic achievement assembly.

deprecate

(v.) to express disapproval of; protest against. I learned, from the views of social life which it developed, to admire their virtues and to deprecate the vices of mankind. From Frankenstein by Mary Shelley.

capitulate

(v.) to surrender, esp under agreed conditions. To give up all resistance; acquiesce. I am ashamed to think how easily we capitulate to badges and names, to large societies and dead institutions. From Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

quell

(v.) to suppress; put an end to; extinguish. The teacher quelled our disruptive behavior by screaming expletives at us.

pernicious

(adj.) causing insidious harm or ruin; ruinous; injurious; hurtful. Weeds are considered pernicious, often causing harm to the plants around them.

debauchery

(n.) extreme indulgence in sensual pleasures; dissipation. And afterwards, how he had all at once broken out: he had associated with the most horrible people, and rushed into the most senseless debauchery. From Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy.

antecedent

(n) 1. The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. 2. a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.

(adj) preceding in time or order; previous or preexisting

coherence

(n) 1. A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chapters in larger pieces of writing are the units that, by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.

2. logical or natural connection or consistency; another word for cohesion

15. ambiguity -- (n) The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, passage, concept, or belief. Open to more than one interpretation.

ONYM

"name" "word"

PON, PUS

"put," "place," "set"

didactic

(adj) A term used to describe something or someone that/who teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking. While Fiona appreciated her classmate's passion for the classics, his didactic tendency to preach moral fortitude could be off putting.

exacerbate

(v) to make a problem, situation, or condition worse or more severe.The lack of rainfall in California has only served to exacerbate the already critical water shortage, causing great concern among the local residents.

invective

(n) A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language. My mother has never been active in politics, yet over the last 5 or so years, her dialogue about 21st century society includes more invective than platitudes.

inure

(v.) to accustom to hardship, difficulty, or pain. Over time the construction worker's hands have become inured to the cold.

inveigle

(v.) to win over by coaxing, flattery, or artful talk. The only way I was able to get into the sold-out show was by inveigling the man to sell me his ticket.

nondescript

(adj.) of no recognized, definite, or particular type or kind. We have decided to make a change by painting our nondescript beige house bright red.

profligate

(adj) - extremely wasteful; wildly extravagant "Quit drinking and he would be able to keep a roof over his mother's head and food in her stomach and clothes on her back, to save her from the curse of belonging to a profligate, to save her from the poorhouse" (Faulkner The Sound and the Fury)

tacit

(adj.) understood without being openly expressed; implied. Your true feelings were tacit, conveyed through your facial expression and refusal to participate.

mitigate

(v) to make milder; to make less severe Despite Finlay's remorse for the harsh way in which he broke up with his long-time girlfriend, there really was no way to mitigate the damage.

engender

(v) - to create; to produce His cruel and oppressive rule did not engender loyalty among the people, but rather sparked a growing rebellion that would ultimately bring about his downfall.

allusion

(n) - An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text, although it can be other things commonly known, such as plays, songs, historical events) with which the reader is supposed to be familiar. In George Orwell's Animal Farm, the character Napoleon alludes to Joseph Stalin, representing his authoritarian and oppressive leadership style.

despondency

(n.) depression of spirits from loss of courage or hope; dejection. He felt a great deal of despondency after losing the race. After the loss of her most favorite kitty-cat scarf, Charlotte's despondency would not abate.

emulate

(v.) to try to equal or excel. Attempting to emulate my sister's academic strengths, I watched her like a hawk, thinking I could do as well as she did in school if I became her.

execrable

(adj.) extremely detestable; repulsive. I wanted to vomit after eating the execrable homemade stew.

forbearance

(n.) a refraining from something; patient endurance; self control. By waiting patiently in the long line instead of cutting, she displayed a great deal of forbearance.

NOM, NEM

"law," "management," "distribution", "study of"

SIMUL, SIMIL

"like," "similar," "same"

intransitive

(adj) - not taking a direct object

negligence

(noun) - failure to take proper care in doing a task

impose

(verb) - to force something to be accepted by another

acquiescence

(noun) - reluctant acceptance without protest

pretense

(noun) - a false display of feelings or intentions

impassive

(adjective) - not showing emotion

rectitude

(noun) - morally correct behavior or thinking

symmetries

(noun) - consistencies; pleasing proportions

implacable

(adjective) - relentless; unstoppable

concord

(noun) - harmony between people and groups

superlatives

(noun) - exaggerations

digressions

(noun) - temporary shifts away from the subject being discussed

happenstance

(noun) - coincidence

resonance

(noun) - the quality in a sound of being deep, full, and reverberating; the ability to evoke or suggest images, memories, and emotions.

inhabit

(verb) - to live in

Complex Sentences

sentence that must contain one independent and at least one dependent clause.

Cumulative (loose) - A cumulative sentence, also known as a "loose sentence," begins with a straightforward independent clause that provides the main idea, and then adds on subordinate clauses and phrases.

Periodic sentence

the main point (independent clause) occurs at the end of the sentence, after one or more side points (dependent clauses) lead up to the main point.

Compound Sentences

sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined by either (1) a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, for, yet, or, but, so, no - FANBOYS), or (2) a semicolon.

Compound-Complex Sentences

A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Repetition

word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity. used to reinforce a theme, to create parallel structure, to highlight the author's attitude (tone), to provide a transition between paragraphs, to maintain an idea of persistence, or to focus the reader's attention on a particular person, place, thing, or idea.

Anaphora

intentional repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines

Parallelism

Using the same grammatical form (nouns, verbs, clauses) for items in a list or series to create balance.

Polysyndeton

Uses and or another conjunction(or, for, yet, so) to separate items in a series, placing equal emphasis on each item. The conjunctions are often superfluous as well.

Asyndeton

Listing a series of words or phrases with only commas, no conjunctions.

Intentional Fragment

stylistic device typically limited to speaking and/or nonformal writing in order to emphasize an idea and/or tone, or to mimic conversational dialogue.

indefatigable

(adj) person(or efforts) persisting tirelessly. When Fiona sets her mind to something, she is an indefatigable force of nature.

impenetrable

1. Impossible to pass through or enter 2. Impossible to understand. Oftentimes, kids think that their parents speak an impenetrable language, much like Far Side's famous "Blah...blah...Ginger" cartoon.

diffuse

(verb) spread or cause to spread over a large area (adj) spread out; not concentrated Luckily, when Joel opened the windows, the smell of burnt fish diffused, the concentration dissipating as the breeze blew it out the windows and into the night.

temerity

(noun) excessive confidence or boldness; audacity While confidence is an admirable attribute in most settings, the old adage, "too much of a good thing" can be applied when that confidence turns into an ignorant and untried temerity.

immaterial

adj) not important or relevant The fact that Fiona also failed to do her chores is immaterial despite Finlay's desire to spread the blame and potentially excuse himself from his own failure to do his work.

immolate

(verb) offer as a sacrifice, giving up to destruction(often by fire) Daenerys' self immolation in season one of Game of Thrones is one of the best scenes because out of the fire and destruction emerge her dragons.

tenacious

(adj) determined; keeping a firm grip on something; persevering. Bulldogs are the most tenacious of dogs, unwilling to relinquish any and all toys, bones, or other yard detritus.

prudent

(adj) careful, cautious Much of Driver's Ed has to do with educating young drivers on how to make split-second, prudent responses behind the wheel.

evocative

adj) bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind The Things They Carried contains innumerable evocative passages that O'Brien created to convey the terrible beauty of war.

introspection

(noun) the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct Making time for daily introspection has become harder and harder in a world that is perpetually "on"; we as humans struggle to prioritize looking inward at our own selves.

disparate

(adjective) 1. fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind 2. including markedly dissimilar elements Many schools are unequipped to teach children with disparate math skills in a single classroom. Some educators lack the training they need to help students who have fallen behind, while also challenging those working at grade level or beyond

convergence

(noun) the state of separate elements joining or coming together What appears to be missing in Congress today is any sort of meaningful or lasting convergence that would lead to productivity.

anachronistic

(adj) out-of-date; belonging to a period other than that being portrayed Having anachronistic cell phones in your script about the 1960s' Civil Rights Movement detracts from its authenticity.

Surreal

(adjective) 1. characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtapositions; unreal. 2. resembling a dream The word surreal is derived from the Surrealist art movement, which sought to smudge the lines between fantasy/imagination and reality, between dream and awake; artists like Picasso and writers like Faulkner added dimension through a thought-provoking juxtaposition of discordant elements.

fortuitous

(adj) happening by luck; fortunate Staying out past curfew was a groundable offense in Mary's house, so she thought it extremely fortuitous that both her parents were sound asleep when she got home 2 hours past the accepted time.

CHRON

Greek root meaning time.

SPEC

Latin root meaning to look at or to examine