Level 3 Organic chemistry

Markovnikov’s rule

The major product forms when hydrogen adds to the carbon with more hydrogens.

Zaitsev’s rule

The major product forms when hydrogen is removed from the carbon with fewer hydrogens.

Acid Chloride

A compound with the suffix -anoyl chloride, featuring a double bonded O and Cl at the end of the carbon chain.

Aldehyde

A compound with the suffix -anal, characterized by a double bonded O and H at the end of the carbon chain.

Ketone

A compound with the suffix -anone, containing a double bonded O that can be located anywhere except at the end of a chain.

Ester

A compound where the first part of the name comes from the section bonded to a single bonded O (suffix -yl) and the second part from the section bonded to a double bonded O (suffix -anoate).

Amide

A compound with the suffix -anamide, featuring a double bonded O and NH3 group at the end of the chain; secondary and tertiary amides have additional carbons bonded to nitrogen.

Amines

Compounds with NH2 groups; primary amines have NH2 at the end (prefix amino-), secondary have NH2 within the chain (suffix -anamine), and tertiary have NH attached to a carbon with three other carbons (suffix -anamine).

Alkane

A compound with a single bonded carbon chain, characterized by the suffix -ane.

Haloalkane

An alkane chain with a halogen (Br, I, Cl, F) and prefixes bromo-, chloro-, fluoro-, iodo- indicating the halogen.

Alkene

A compound with a double bonded carbon chain, characterized by the suffix -ene.

Alcohol

A compound with an OH group bonded to a carbon, characterized by the suffix -anol or prefix hydroxy-.

Carboxylic acid

A compound with a double bonded O and a single bonded OH group at the end of the carbon chain, characterized by the suffix -anoic acid.

Carboxylate ions

Ions with a double bonded O and an O- bonded to the end carbon, characterized by the suffix -anoate ion.

Alkyl ammonium ions

Ions with an NH3+ group bonded to the end carbon of a chain, characterized by the suffix -yl ammonium ion.

Addition polymers

Polymers formed from alkenes with heat or a catalyst, characterized by a repeating unit (prefix poly-).

Amino acid

A compound with a carbon bonded to an NH2 group, COOH group, hydrogen group, and an R group, forming long chains via peptide bonds.

Substitution

A reaction where an atom or group is swapped with another, e.g., alcohol to haloalkane.

Addition

A reaction where a carbon double bond is broken and new atoms/groups are added, e.g., alkene to alcohol.

Elimination

A reaction where two atoms/groups are removed to form a carbon double bond, e.g., alcohol to alkene.

Oxidation

A reaction where a substance loses electrons, increasing its oxidation number, e.g., primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.

Acid-Base

A reaction where an acid and a base transfer H+, e.g., carboxylic acid to carboxylate ion.

Condensation

A reaction where two molecules form a larger molecule while ejecting a small molecule, e.g., carboxylic acid and alcohol to an ester.

Hydrolysis

A reaction where water splits a molecule under acidic or basic conditions, e.g., ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol.

Structural Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different physical structures.

Geometric (cis/trans) isomers

Isomers with a double bond where hydrogens are on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans).

Enantiomers (Optical isomers)

Isomers that are mirror images of each other, requiring a chiral carbon atom.

Physical properties of Enantiomers (similarities)

Same melting point, boiling point, and density.

Physical properties of Enantiomers (differences)

Cannot be superimposed and rotate plane polarized light differently.

Chemical properties of Enantiomers (similarities)

React the same with non-optically active substances.

Chemical properties of Enantiomers (differences)

React differently with optically active substances.

Reduction

Gain of electrons, only seen with NaBH4.

Polymerisation

When monomers form long repeating chains and polymers.