Level 3 Organic chemistry

Markovnikov’s rule: The rich get richer (The major product is the one in which the hydrogen which is added by the breaking of the Carbon to Carbon double bond joins onto the Carbon atom which already has more Hydrogens.)

Zaitsev’s rule: the poor get poorer (The major product is the in which the hydrogen which is removed to form the Carbon to Carbon double bond is taken from the Carbon which already has less Hydrogens.)

Naming

Acid Chloride: Suffix -anoyl chloride. Double bonded O and Cl on end of Carbon chain.

Aldehyde: Suffix -anal. Double bonded O and H on end of carbon chain.

Ketone: Suffix -anone. Double bonded O, can be anywhere except the end of a chain.

Ester: First part of the name comes from the section bonded to the single bonded O, suffix -yl. Second part of the name comes from the section bonded to the double bonded O, suffix -anoate.

Amide: Suffix -anamide, Primary: double bonded O and NH3 group on end of chain. Secondary and Tertiary: Additional carbons bonded to Nitrogen, still double bonded O.

Amines: Primary, NH2 group on end of chain Prefix amino-. Secondary, NH2 group with carbon in the chain, suffix, -anamine. Tertiary, NH group attached to a Carbon who is attached to 3 carbons, suffix, -anamine.

Alkane: Single bonded carbon chain. suffix -ane.

Haloalkane: Alkane chain with a Br, I, Cl, F. Prefixes, bromo-, chloro-, fluoro-, iodo-. State numbers

Alkene: Double bonded carbon chain, suffix -ene.

Alcohol: Have an OH group bonded to a carbon, suffix -anol or prefix hydroxy-.

Carboxylic acid- have a bouble bonded O and a single bonded OH group to end of carbon chain. Suffix -anoic acid.

Carboxylate ions: Have a double bonded O, and an O- bonded to the end carbon. Suffix -anoate ion.

Alkyl ammonium ions: Have an NH3+ group bonded to the end carbon of a chain. Suffix -yl ammonium ion.

Addition polymers: Are only formed from an alkene and heat/catalyst, it is a repeating unit, like lego. Prefix poly-

Amino acid: Chemical compound, with carbon bonded to a NH2 group, COOH group, hydrogen group, and an R group. As they have an amine and a carboxylic acid group they react together to form long chains by amide bonds called peptide bonds.

Reaction types

Substitution: An atom or group of atoms is swapped with another, e.g. an alcohol to a haloalkane

Addition: When a carbon double bond is broken and 2 new atoms/groups are added to the molecules which were a part of the double bond, e.g. Alkene to alcohol.

Elimination: When 2 atoms/groups are eliminated in order to form a Carbon to Carbon double bond, e.g. alcohol to alkene.

Oxidation: When a substance loses electrons, meaning the oxidation number increases, e.g. Primary alcohol to Carboxylic acid. (MnO4-/H+ and Cr2)72-/H+)

Acid-Base: When an acid and a base react a H+ is transferred from the acid to the base, e.g. Carboxylic acid to Carboxylate ion.

Condensation: Any reaction where 2 molecules come together to form a larger molecule which ejecting a small molecule, e.g. Carboxylic acid and an alcohol (conc H2SO4) to an ester.

Hydrolysis: Where water is used to split a molecule, done under acidic or basic conditions, results are different depending on which. e.g. Ester (acidic) to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, or Ester (basic) to a carboxylate ion and an alcohol.

Reduction: Gain of electrons, only seen with NaBH4.

Polymerisation: When monomers form long repeating chains and polymers.

Isomers

Structural Isomers: Same molecular formula but different physical structure.

Geometric (cis/trans) isomers: When there is a double bond, and each carbon has 2 different atoms/groups attached. When hydrogens are on the same side (e.g. both below) they’re cis, when on opposite sides they’re trans.

Enantiomers (Optical isomers): Have the same connectivity of atoms but are mirror images of one another (cannot be superimposed/laid perfectly over each other). Require a chiral Carbon atom (has 4 different atoms/groups attached)

Physical properties of Enantiomers (similarities): Same MP, same BP, same density.

Physical properties of Enantiomers (differences): Cannot be superimposed on each other, rotate plane polarised light in different directions.

Chemical properties of Enantiomers (similarities): React the same with NON optically active substances.

Chemical properties of Enantiomers (differences): React differently with OPTICALLY active substances (e.g. in the body)