Pearson APUSH (AP United States History) Unit 2

95 Theses

a document with 95 debating points that a young monk, Martin Luther, hoped would lead to a series of reforms within the Catholic Church

Acadia

a French colony in North America now known as Nova Scotia

Age of Enlightenment

major intellectual movement occurring in Europe beginning in the 1600s that led many to look more to scientific advances and the role of human reason in understanding the world than religion

Alta California

a former colony of Spain and territory of Mexico that is now the state of California

Baja California

the peninsula located south of what is now California, between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California

baptism

a Christian sacrament marked by ritual use of water and admitting the recipient to the Christian community

Battle of Bloody Marsh

a battle in 1742 during the War of Jenkins' Ear, between British and Spanish forces on St. Simons Island off the coast of Georgia

cash crop

a crop grown and harvested primarily to sell for a profit

Charter of Liberties

the legal charter that provided for an elected legislature in the Pennsylvania colony

Charter of Massachusetts Bay Company

the legal charter given to the London-based corporation that launched the Massachusetts Bay Colony

colonial assembly

a colonial body of elected representatives with limited legislative or law-making powers

commercialism

an emphasis on the production of goods to sell for profit

consumer revolution

a period from about 1600 to 1750 when people in parts of Europe began producing and consuming more goods

coureurs de bois

French fur trappers and traders, known as "runners of the woods"

Creole

a person of French or Spanish and African descent born in North America or the West Indies

Deerfield Massacre

a 1704 raid conducted by French and Native American forces against an English frontier settlement at Deerfield, Massachusetts, in which 47 people were killed and more than 100 captured

Deism

a movement that began in the eighteenth century and emphasized moral behavior without the intervention of an all-powerful deity, or creator

denomination

a subset of a particular religion in which specific beliefs and practices may differ from those of other groups who adhere to the same overarching principles of faith

El Camino Real (the Royal Road)

a road spanning about 600 miles along the Pacific Coast of California and connecting Spanish missions, presidios, and pueblos in the region

English Bill of Rights

an act of Parliament passed on December 16, 1689, and adopted by William and Mary, that limits the power of the English monarch, provides for a separation of powers, and protects certain rights of English citizens

Enlightenment

A period during which people proposed using reason—rather than faith and revelation—to pursue a deeper understanding of life, to solve problems, and to seek happiness and betterment in the world.

evangelism

a reawakening or revival of religious spirit and devotion, a renewed commitment to one's faith

First Great Awakening

a significant religious revival in colonial America begun by the preaching of Solomon Stoddard and Jonathan Edwards in the 1720s and 1730s and expanded by the many tours of the English evangelical minister George Whitefield that began in the 1730s

Glorious Revolution

bloodless revolt that occurred in England in 1688 when Parliamentary leaders invited William of Orange, a Protestant, and his wife, Mary, the daughter of King James II, to assume the English throne in place of James II

Halfway Covenant

a plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy that allowed adults who had been baptized because their parents were church members, but who had not yet themselves experienced conversion, to have their own children baptized

headright system

a system of land distribution during the early colonial era that granted settlers a set amount of land for each "head" (or person) who settled in the colony

indentured servant

an individual who contracted to serve for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of passage to America

Iroquois Confederacy

a confederacy formed for largely defensive purposes by the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, and later the Tuscarora

joint-stock company

a company formed by a group of investors

limited government

government subject to the rule of law

mercantilism

economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth

Middle Passage

the horrendous voyage in which slaves were taken from West Africa to slave colonies in the Americas during which as many as a quarter died

mission

a Spanish religious settlement

natural rights

political philosophy that maintains that individuals have an inherent right, found in nature and preceding any government or written law, to life and liberty

new birth

the evangelical belief that one achieves salvation through a renewed commitment to one's god and faith

patroon

a Dutch settler who was given a vast tract of land along the Hudson River between New Amsterdam and Albany in return for bringing at least 50 immigrants to work the land

Pilgrim (Separatist)

a name given to a Separatist within the Church of England who settled Plymouth, Massachusetts

popular sovereignty

government subject to the will of the people

presidio

a Spanish military fort or garrison

proprietary colony

a colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual as his private property

Protestant Reformation

the process that began with Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church's practices in the early 1500s, which eventually led followers of Luther, Calvin, and others to completely break from the Catholic Church

pueblo

a Native American community in the American Southwest

Puritans

a name given to those more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who wanted to stay in the Church but "purify" it of what they saw as Roman Catholic ways

Quaker

a member of a religious community called the Society of Friends that settled Pennsylvania

Restoration

the period in English history usually held to coincide with the reign of Charles II but sometimes to extend through the reign of James II

revival

a public meeting or gathering led by a religious leader, usually to invoke their faith or convert newcomers

sermon

a public address or speech by a religious figure, such as a minister, for the purposes of religious instruction

succession

the order, action, or right of succeeding to a throne, title, or property

town hall meeting

a form of democratic governance in which citizens, or their elected representatives, gather to discuss and decide local laws and questions of government

triangle trade

a pattern of trade that developed in the 1700s in which slaves from Africa were sent to the West Indies and mainland North America while goods and other resources were shipped between the West Indies and North America and Britain

viceroy

the Spanish king's appointed representative in New Spain

Wampanoag

an Algonquian Native American tribe that lived in what would become Rhode Island and Massachusetts