Biology, Parts of Cell

Amyloplast

an organelle i some plant cells that store starch. Can be found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits

Cell Wall

(exists in plant cells only) a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. It also bonds with its kind to form the structure of the plant

Cell Membrane

is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall. It is composed of a thin layer of protein and fat. It play an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific substances within the cell

Centrosome

a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. This is where the microtubules are made

Chlorophyll

a molecule that can use light energy from the sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (this process is called photosynthesis). It is usually color green

Chloroplasts

an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. This is where photosynthesis takes place

Cytoplasm

the jellylike material outside the nucleus in which the organelles are located

Golgi Body

a flattened, layered. sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for “export” from the cell

Mitochondrion/Mitochondria

They are the double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also referred to as the powerhouse of the cell

Nuclear Membrane

the membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Nucleolus

an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced

Nucleus

spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. This controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes)

Ribosome

small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convulted sacks that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm (The ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). It is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convulted tubes that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. It transport materials through the cell

Vacuole

a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells have a single of this that takes up much of the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell

Lysosome (Cell Vesicles)

(exists in animal cell only) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of the cell nutrient takes place

Cells

are the basic unit of life. All living organisms are either single ___ or are multi____ar organism composed of may ____ working together

Centriole

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Carbohydrates

comprised of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O). Its building block is monosaccharides. Examples: sucrose (table sugar), maltose, amylase

Fat/Lipids

A set of chemical molecules resulting from patty acids and exhibit high solubility in apolar solvents (organic) and low solubility in polar solvents (water). Examples: waxes, oils, and cholesterol

Proteins

Its building blocks are called amino acids. A large class of biological molecules consisting of chains of amino acids is called polypeptides. Examples: amylase, actin and myosin

Nucleic Acids

is a chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems. It creates DNA and RNA, which store the information needed by cells to create proteins. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides also known as codons.

Prokaryotic Cells

simple, single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles or nucleus. Example: bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by plasma membrane. Example: fungi, plants, and animals

Passive Transport

movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Moves particle through the concentration gradient

Active Transport

is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration. Particles move against the concentration gradient

Diffusion

net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

Osmosis

process where solvent molecules move through a semipereable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated solution (which becomes more dilute)

Mitosis

single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell.

Meiosis

reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each generally distinct from the parent cell that give rise to them