Cardiology chap 5

Pulmonary circulation

Pump blood through right ventricle to lungs

Systemic circulation

Blood pumped from left ventricle to rest of body

Right-sided congestive heart failure

Right ventricle cannot pump blood adequately resulting in back flow into the vena cava

Left sided congestive heart failure

Left ventricle cannot adequately pump blood resulting in blood backing up into the lungs

Acute coronary syndrome

Condition that occurs if the flow of oxygenated blood through a coronary artery is limited; results in ischemia (blockage of blood flow) to the heart muscle

Angina pectoris

Chest pain caused by ischemia

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Death of tissues in the myocardium due to lack of oxygen

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood

Cardiomegaly

Enlarged heart

Murmur

Abnormal heart sound as a result of blood leaking through defective valve

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Structural abnormality of the mitral valve where leaflets do not close tightly

Endocarditis

Infection and inflammation of the endocardium that lines a heart valve

Cardiomyopathy

Condition of the heart muscle

Pericarditis

Infection or inflammation of the pericardial sac that involves the increase of pericardial fluid which can prevent heart from pumping

Arteriosclerosis

Progressive degenerative disease that produced narrowed and hardened artery walls

Atherosclerosis

Fatty deposits in the wall of the arteries that can restrict blood flow

Aneurysm

Area of dilation and weakness in artery wall that can rupture

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Arteriosclerosis that occurs in coronary arteries

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated fat levels in the blood

Hypertension(HTN)

Elevated blood pressure of more than 120/80 mm Hg

Hypotension

Decreased blood pressure of below 90/60 mm Hg

Peripheral artery disease

Arteriosclerosis in the legs

Phlebitis

Infection or inflammation of a vein

Raynaud’s disease

Sudden and severe vasoconstriction of arterials in the fingers and toes, causing them to turn white or blue

Varicose veins

Condition in which damaged valves in a vein allow backflow of blood, causing the vein to become distended and twisted

Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

The sinoatrial node controls heart

Systole

Heart contracts

Diastole

Resting period between contractions

Electrocardiography (EKG, ECG)

Records electrical activity of heart, depolarization (excitation) and repolarization (resting)

P wave= atrial depolarization

QRS complex= ventricular depolarization

T wave= ventricular repolarization

Arrythmia

Irregular rhythm of the heart

Asystole

Complete absence of a heart beat

Fibrillation

Arrhythmia of fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium

Flutter

Arrhythmia that is very fast but has a regular rhythm of the atria or ventricles

Tachycardia

Fast, but regular rhythm

Bradycardia

Heart beats too slow

Cardiac enzymes

Blood test that measures levels of two enzymes released when myocardial cells die

Troponin

Blood test that measures levels of two proteins released when myocardial cells die

Homocysteine

Blood test that measures levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that if elevated increase risk of arteriosclerosis, clots, heart attack, and stroke

C-reactive protein

Blood test that measures levels of inflammation in the body

Lipid profile

Blood test that measures levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins

Holter monitor

Using a portable ECG monitor to track patients heart rate for a day to document infrequent arrhythmias

Telemetry

Procedure to monitor a patients heart rate and rhythm in the hospital

Cardiac exercise stress test

Procedure to evaluate hearts response to exercise

Cardiac catheterization

Procedure to study anatomy and pressures in the heart

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Procedure to bypass an occluded coronary artery to restore blood flow to the heart muscle

Pacemaker insertion

Procedure to implant an automated device to control heart rate

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Procedure to reconstruct a coronary artery that is narrowed due to atherosclerosis

Stent

Provides continuing support to keep lumen of artery open

Heart transplantation

Procedure of removing a severely damaged heart and replacing it with a heart from a donor who has recently died

Cardioversion

Administering an electric shock to restore a normal heart rhythm

Angiography

Contrast dye is injected into a blood vessel to outline it on an x-ray

Echocardiography

Ultra high frequency sound waves are bounced off the heart to create an image

Pulse rate

Beats per minute

Pulse point

Location where a pulse can be felt

Blood pressure (BP) reading

Sphygmomanometer measure systolic and diastolic pressure

Aneurysmectomy

Procedure to remove an aneurysm and repair the artery