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For eighteenth-century Europeans rights were usually ________ rights.
community
In eighteenth-century Europe, the nobility consisted of approximately ________ of the population.
1 to 5 percent
The smallest, wealthiest, and best-defined aristocracy resided in ________.
britian
The Russian Charter of the Nobility was issued by ________.
catherine the great
French nobles were divided between nobles “of the sword“ and nobles “of the ___“.
robe
The Polish szlachta, compared to the English nobility, were ________.
much more powerful
The economic basis of eighteenth-century life was ________.
land
Most Europeans in the 1700s took part in the _________ economy.
family
In the 1700s, being a servant was generally _________.
a temporary condition
During the eighteenth century, bread prices ________.
slowly but steadily rose
Between 1700 and 1800, Europe's population rose from 100-120 million people to ________ million people.
almost 190
Introduced from the New World, what new product allowed a more certain food supply in Europe and enabled more children to survive to adulthood and rear children of their own?
potato
The single largest free-trade area in Europe during the eighteenth century was ________.
great britian
What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?
textiles
In the years between 1600 and 1750, the cities that grew most vigorously were ________.
capitals and ports
The Industrial Revolution came first to ________.
britian
The bourgeoisie was the ________ class.
urban middle
The largest single group in eighteenth-century cities was composed of ________.
shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners
What inventor became famous for using an iron plow and planting wheat with a drill?
jethro tull
Who was permitted to hunt for game according to traditional ways of the Old Regime?
landowners
The idea that luxury would not lead to moral decay was supported by ________.
david hume
Women were particularly vulnerable to disease and death resulting from ________.
puerperal fever
The leader of the brutally suppressed Russian rebellion in 1773 and 1775 was ________.
emelyan pugachev
The first engine using steam power was invented by ________.
thomas newcomen
The term "Old Regime" has come to refer to the ________.
social, political, and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution
French nobles were technically responsible for payment of the vingtième, which resembles what modern-day tax?
income tax
In preindustrial Europe, the economy of a household that developed on farms, in artisans' workshops, and in small merchants' shops was known as the ________ economy.
family
In preindustrial Europe, the dominant concern of married women was ________.
producing enough farm goods to ensure an adequate food supply
The Dutch exemplified which of these responses to population growth?
increasing agricultural productivity
Factory production of purely cotton fabric was made possible by the invention of the ________.
water frame
The steam engine was revolutionary because it _________.
provided a virtually unlimited source of power
Given what you know about the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the lives of women, which of the following statements is most applicable?
the role and importance of women in the work force diminished
Which of the following was a clearly defined long-term result of the shift in female employment?
women’s work become associated with the home rather than with places men worked
In the 1700s, the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by _________.
inherited privilige
Until the late eighteenth century, European Jews who did not convert to Christianity ________.
were discriminated against
Which of these is generally related to neolocalism?
later marriages
For girls that became servants, this work was generally ________.
a prelude to marriage
British leadership in the Industrial Revolution is largely due to _________.
favorable conditions
What persuaded people to bathe regularly toward the middle of the eighteenth century?
new ideas about the benefits of bathing on good health
How were Jewish children singled out for persecution?
they could be taken from their homes and given Christian instruction
Why did middle-class people show an increased interest in Wedgwood's fine porcelain?
middle-class people admired the porcelain sold to the aristocracy and wanted to have something similar for themselves
The change that rationalized the use of land and created higher productivity was the ________.
agricultural revolution
The rapid growth of capital cities between 1600 and 1750 was tied to what other development?
centralization of power
What did the introduction of maize and the potato represent for Eastern Europe?
a significant nutritional and agricultural change
The use of wet nurses was ________.
an economic necessity for many women
What event probably marks the start of the age of the ghetto?
the expulsion of the jews from spain
Which analogy makes an accurate connection?
watt to the steam engine
How did the North American colonies impact the Industrial Revolution?
they increased demand for consumer goods
Landlords considered Russian serfs to be ________.
economic commodities
In the 1700s, urban riots were generally ________.
conservative and spontaneous
The aristocratic resurgence was a sign that the _________.
postition of europe’s nobility being challenged
The painting Robert Andrews and His Wife illustrates what traditional linkage of the Old Regime?
land and nobility
The price of Russian rulers' concessions to the nobles of Russia was ________.
persistent harsh conditions for russian serfs
In which of these would you be most likely to encounter small, nuclear households?
the netherlands
The Industrial Revolution fueled British investments all over the world but especially in...
the americas
A population boom in Europe saw France grow, from 1831 to 1851 from 32.5 million people to __________ million people
35.8
In the 1830s, workers became concerned about child laborers because
parents no longer exercised authority over their own children in factories
What disadvantage did many women who assisted their husbands in textile factories during the 1820s and 1830s experience?
they often did less skilled work that than what they had in the family economy
In most western Europe nations, other than Britain, manufacturing in the 1830s took place in...
the countryside
The process by which workers became a commodity in the labor marketplace is called...
proletorianization
By the late 1830s, many British workers hung their hopes for reform on a platform known as...
chartism
The most radical political element in the European working class was...
artisans
Early factory owners permitted a man to employ his ______________________ as assistants.
wife and children
The English Factory Act of 1833 forbade the employment of children under the age of...
9
In France by about 1850, the largest group of employed women worked...
on the land
In the domestic system of textile production, hand spinning was performed by...
woman
Which of the following is a tradition that survived the shift from a family economy to an industrial era?
most women brought a dowry to their marriage
Which European city was the first to have an organized police force?
paris
Criminal activity in Europe steadily escalated before reaching a plateau around...
1880
Who was most concerned about crime and criminals during the nineteenth-century?
the elite
Which change in conditions describes the prisons that emerged in Europe during the mid-1800s?
individual cells and long periods of separation and silence among prisoners
Who was Elizabeth Fry?
a reformer who exposed the horrible conditions in prisons in england
In the 1840s, the goal of the prisons shifted from ______________ to _________________
punishment, rehabilitation
What classical economist is associated with utilitarianism?
jeremy bentham
Who was Karl Marx's collaborator in the writing of The Communist Manifesto?
fredrich englels
Charles Fourier believed that workers were more productive when they...
worked on different tasks
The revolutions of 1848 began in....
france
Robert Owen advocated for...
more humane industrial environments
The most radical group of female revolutionary women in France in the 1840s called themselves the...
vesuvians
During the Magyar revolt in Hungary, the Hungarians tried to annex...
transylvania
The migration from the countryside during the nineteenth century produced a situation in which...
the physical resources of cities were stretched beyond capacity
Improvements in the railway system meant that...
there was a shortage of consumer goods at affordable prices
The French Revolution and the wars of Napoleon influenced the development of the Industrial Revolution by...
setting back the french economy and french industrialization
Liberal reformers hoped that legal revolutions in land ownership would result in...
peasants becoming more industrious and progressive farmers
In the new labor marketplace, workers...
had no say about product quality
Proletarianization was closely linked to ___ and ___
industrialization, urbanization
The shift from the family working together as a unit of production to family members working separately or individually...
began the shift to the as a unit of consumption
During the early years of the Industrial Revolution, the wages of most British women who worked in factories were...
lower than male workers
Many factories hired unmarried women and children because...
they were willing to work for less than men
The decade of the 1820s saw an increase in women working in textile factories. Their new jobs required...
fewer skill than those required in home-based textile work
During the nineteenth century, the domestic division of labor into specific gender patterns prevailed among the...
working, middle, and upper class
They industrial economy led to the development of gender-determined roles because it...
allowed many families to live on the wages of the male spouse
In the late eighteenth century, Britain began transporting criminals to Australia as an alternative to...
capital punishment
Classical economists advocated growth through...
free enterprise
The goal of the German Zollverein was to create...
better conditions for commerce
The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was an example of the implementation of...
classical economic theory
A group of writers who helped to define the social question were called __________ by their critics.
utopian socialists
What was the name given to the group of activists who rejected industry and government?
anarchists
One source of inspiration for The Communist Manifesto was...
french utopian socialism
German conservatives gained power by playing on conflicts between...
liberals and the working class
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