Heimler Review Packet: APUSH Period 1

Southwestern First Nations

Were farmers (maize); advanced irrigation systems; cities were small urban centers made of hardened clay bricks. Contained the pueblo people

Great plains first nations

Were nomadic hunter/gatherers (buffalo); lived in small egalitarian kinship bands. Included the Ute people

Pacific Coast first nations

Had permanent villages of almost 1,000 people; hunted fish, small game, and plant life; engaged in coastal trading systems. Included the Chumash people

Northeastern First Nations

Were farmers, had villages with longhouses and abundant resources (timber, furs, fish). Included the iroquois.

Mississippi River First Nations

Were farmers because of the rich soil, engaged in river-based trade.

Cahokia

Tribe with 10,000-30,000 people. Had a strong cenrtralized government, and was near present day St. Louis

Old world context that allowed for exploration

Developing stronger, more centralized states

increased demand for luxury goods from China and India, due to the new rich class

Islamic states made Eurasian trade difficult for Europeans by controlling most land routes

Advancements in maritime technology and shipbuilding, such as the astrolabe.

Reconquista and unification of Spain

Objectives of Spanish exploration

Finding new sources of wealth in Asian markets

Objectives of Spanish Colonization

Extracting resources (gold/silver/tobacco/sugar) from the land and to spread religion to first nations people

Colombian Exchange

The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from the East to the West and from the West to the East.

Effect of Colombian Exchange on Europe

Crops and animals transferred, such as tomatoes and turkeys, resulted in a huge population increase in Europe

Effect of Colombian Exchange on Americas

Diseases (smallpox) brought by Europeans decimated Native American populations, and introduced horses to the americas

How the Spanish maintained their colonies

Royally appointed colonial governors

Encomienda system and enslaving Africans on large plantations

Casta system establishing a racial hierarchy

Encomienda System

System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor.

Black Legend

Concept that the Spanish merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit

Role of religion in Spanish colonies

Church ncentivized and forced conversion of Native Americans;

Used to support both further subjugation of Native Americans as well as better treatment;

The church was a large landowner in the colonies, and supported plantations

Sepulveda

He argued that the Indians were less than human and benefited from serving the Spanish. In favor of encomienda

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans and for the repeal of the encomienda system

Why were native americans replaced as slaves

Native Americans more familiar with environment, could escape easier. Also dying from disease/overwork,

Africans unfamiliar with Americas, slave trade inexpensive and already flourishing