ANSC 221 fr

aspartate synthesis

glutamate + oxaloacetate → a-KG + aspartate

alanine synthesis

glutamate + pyruvate → a-KG + alanine

serine synthesis

3-phosphoglycerate → serine

→ glycine via hydroxymethyltransferase

→ cysteine

glutamate synthesis

a-KG + ammonium → glutamate + H20

dehydrogenase

glutamine synthesis

glutamate + ammonium → glutamine + phosphate

synthetase

1st N in urea cycle comes from…

carbamoyl-P

2nd N in urea cycle comes from…

aspartate

metabolite linking urea cycle to TCA

fumarate - can become oxaloacetate

ATP yield from lipid catabolism

28 - 2 + 80 = 106 ATP

ATP invested in lipid anabolism

42 ATP

enzyme linking beta oxidation to ketogenosis

thiolase

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

determines if acetyl-CoA will enter TCA or turn into malonyl-CoA for lipid anabolism

kinase

transfers phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

isomerase

forms isomer

mutase

moves functional group within same molecule

dehydrogenase

removes hydrogens

phosphatase

removes phosphate group

phosphorylase

adds phosphate from inorganic phosphate

synthase

synthesis without ATP

synthetase

synthesis with ATP

transaminase

transfers amino group between amino acids and keto acids

transferase

transfers functional group between molecules

reductase

adds hydrogens

lipase

breaks lipid bonds to release fatty acids and glycerol

molecules that can be turned back to glucose in gluconeogenesis

glycerol, pyruvate/lactate, oxaloacetate

glycolysis products

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

TCA products/acetyl-CoA

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 1 oxaloacetate

fatty acid activation steps

1. AMP bonds to FA

2. AMP displaced by CoA → acyl-CoA

lipid catabolism signaling cascade

adenylate cyclase → cAMP → protein kinase → TAG lipase (cleaves FA’s)

beta oxidation products

8 acetyl-CoA, 7 FADH2, 7 NADH

citrate synthetase

catalyzes acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate in TCA

citrate can leave mitochondria → acetyl-CoA for FA synthesis

aspartate amino transferase

oxaloacetate → aspartate by transferring amino group from glutamate

aspartate donates 2nd N in urea cycle

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

converts acetyl-Coa → malonyl CoA

single carbon metabolism enzymes involved

serine, methionine, cycteine

essential AA’s

Try THis VIP MaLL

tryptophan, threonine, histidine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, lysine

ketogenic AA’s

leucine and lysine → converted to acetyl-Coa

both AA’s

pheny, trypto, tyro, isoleucine

urea cycle products

1 urea + 1 fumarate

-4 ATP

FA outer membrane transporters

acyl-CoA synthetase, VDAC (can exit too), CPT-1

FA inner membrane transporters

CPT-2, CACT

acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction

acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA

acyl-CoA synthetase

FA + ATP + CoA → fatty acyl-CoA + AMP

CPT-1

fatty acyl-CoA + carnitine → acylcarnitine + CoA

acetyl transferase

acetyl-CoA + ACP = acetyl-ACP

MAG lipase

monoacylglycerol → FA + glycerol

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

fatty acyl-CoA + FAD → trans unsaturated fatty acyl CoA + FADH2

what reactants must be available for lipid catabolism to occur repeatedly?

O2, FADH, NAD+