Exam 1 Multiple choice

pls

Collective action problems

Situations where individuals would benefit from cooperation but face incentives to free ride

Conflict

The struggle between individuals or groups over values, interests, or resources, resolved through political processes

Economic Values

Beliefs about how government should manage the economy, including efficiency, equality, and freedom of markets.

Ideology

A consistent set of political beliefs about the role of government and society, such as liberalism or conservatism

Liberty

Freedom from government interference in personal choices and actions

Norms

Unwritten rules and expectations that guide political behavior and maintain stability.

Articles of Confederation

The first U/S/ constitution, creating a weak national government with most power in the states

John Locke

Philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent of the governed

Pluralism

Theory that politics is shaped by competition among diverse interest groups

Shay’s Rebellion

uprising of farmers against debt and taxes, highlighting weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Republic

A government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

Factions

Groups of citizens united by common interests that may conflict with the rights of other or the public good.

James Madison

“Father of the Constitution,” co-author of the Federalist Papers, and advocate for checks and balances

Constitution

The supreme law of the U.S., establishing government structure, powers, and rights.

Federalist papers

Essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to promote ratification of the Constitution

Brutus 1

Anti-federalist essay warning that a strong central government would threaten liberty and state authority

Parliamentary System

Government where the executive is chosen by and accountable to the legislature.

Monarchy

Government ruled by a king or queen, often hereditary

Reserved Powers

Powers not given to the federal government, reserved for the states under the Tenth Amendment.

Marbury V. Madison Judicial Review

Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Gives Congress authority to make laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers.

Enumerated powers

Powers explicitly listed in the Constitution, such as taxing and regulating commerce.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated but derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Shared Powers

Powers held by both federal and state governments, such as taxation.

Great Compromise

Agreement at the Constitutional Convention creating a bicameral legislature

Living Document

The constitution is adaptable through interpretation and amendment to meet changing needs.

Concurrent powers

Powers exercised by both federal and state governments simultaneously

Exclusive Powers

Power exercised by both federal and state governments simultaneously

Police Powers

State authority to regulate health, safety, and morals of citizens.

Federal System

System dividing power between national and state governments.

Tenth Amendment

Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 case affirming federal supremacy and recognizing implied powers through the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Commerce Clause

Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states with foreign nations

Categorical Grants

Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states and with foreign nations.

Block Grants

Federal funds given to states for specific purposes with strict conditions.

Dual Federalism

System where state and federal governments operate separately with distinct powers

Coercive Federalism

Federal government pressures states through mandates or funding conditions

Federal preemption

Federal law overrides conflicting state law

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the Constitution protecting individual liberties

Due Process Clause

Guarantees fair legal procedures before government can deprive life, liberty, or property.

Selective Incorporation

Process by which the Supreme Court applied Bill of Rights protections to the states via the 14th amendment

Establishment clause

Prohibits government from establishing an official religiong

Lemon test

Standard to determine if government action violates the establishment clause

Strict scrutiny

highest standard of judicial review, requiring a compelling government interest and narrowly tailored law

Symbolic Speech

nonverbal expression protected under the first amendment, such as protests or wearing armbands

Political speech

Speech about government or public affairs, given the strongest first amendment protection

Clear and Present Danger test

Doctrine allowing limits on speech if it poses an immediate threat to public safety

Direct incitement test

Standard allowing restriction of speech only if it is intended and likely to incite imminent lawless action