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What bonding occurs in metals?
Metallic
What bonding occurs in non-metals?
Covalent
What bonding occurs between a metal and non-metal?
Ionic
What is an ionic bond?
Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions with opposite charges
What is a covalent bond?
A shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms
What is a metallic bond?
Electrostatic forces of attraction between postive metal ions and delocalised electrons
What structure do ionic substances have?
Giant ionic lattice
What structure do metallic substances have?
Giant metallic
What structures do covalent susbtances have?
Giant covalent or simple covalent
What do substances need to conduct electricity?
Charged particles that can move
Why can metals conduct electricity?
The delocalised electrons are free to move
Why can't ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?
The ions are not free to move
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or aqueous?
The ions are free to move
Why can't simple covalent substances conduct electricity?
They have no charged particles since they have a full outer shell
Which structures have substances with high boiling points?
giant metallic, giant ionic lattice, giant covalent
Which structures have substances with low boiling points?
Simple covalent
When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?
When molten or aqueous
What forces are found between molecules?
Intermolecular forces
Why do giant covalent compounds have high melting and boiling points?
The millions of strong covalent bonds require lots of energy to break
Why do simple covalent substances have low melting and boiling points?
the weak intermolecular forces require little energy to break
What type of bond links the atoms in polymers?
Covalent bonds
What are alloys?
A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
Why are metals mixed with other elements to form alloys?
Metals are too soft for many uses
Why can metals conduct thermal energy?
The delocalised electrons transfer energy
What element is diamond made up of?
Carbon
What element is graphite made up of?
Carbon
What element is graphene made up of?
Carbon
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
Why does graphite conduct electricity?
Each carbon atom contains one delocalised electron that is free to move
Why does graphene conduct electricity?
Each carbon atom contains one delocalised electron that is free to move
What bonds connect the carbon atoms in graphite?
Covalent bonds
What connects the layers in graphite?
Weak forces
What bonds connect the carbon atoms in diamond?
Covalent bonds
What bonds connect the carbon atoms in graphene?
Covalent bonds
How are the carbon atoms arranged in graphite?
Hexagonal rings in layers
How are the carbon atoms arranged in graphene?
Hexagonal rings
Why does diamond have a high melting and boiling point?
The millions of strong covalent bonds require lots of energy to break
Why does graphite have a high melting and boiling point?
The millions of strong covalent bonds require lots of energy to break
What was the first fullerene to be discovered called?
Buckminsterfullerene
What is diamond?
a giant carbon structure with each carbon atom bonded to four other carbon atoms
it is the hardest, naturally occuring substance on the earth
What is graphite?
a giant carbon structure with each carbon bonded to three other carbons in sheets, and delocalised electrons between the sheets
What is graphene?
a giant carbon structure that consists of a single sheet of carbon atoms (a sheet of graphite)
What is fullerene?
a simple carbon molecule with each carbon bonded to three other carbons in balls or sheets, with a hollow centre
What is a polymer?
a substance made of long, covalently-bonded molecules
What is a lattice?
a giant structure of many atoms or ions, arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
What are fullerenes used for? (3)
Catalysts
Lubricants
Delivering drugs by caging molecules
What are nanotubes? (2)
Fullerenes which have a much longer length than diameter and are used to make materials stronger as they are lightweight and small
They contain one free delocalised electron
What are the state symbols? (4)
Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gaseous(g)
Aqueous (aq)
Note 
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