inducible operon
starts off ends on
repressible operon
able to be repressed- starts on ends off
nondisjunction
result of extra chrom -.> down syndrome/ Edwards disorder
frameshift mutation
addition/ deletion of a base
nonsense mutation
changing one amino acid (AA) to a stop codon
Missense mutation
changes one AA for another
modifications
splicing - removes introns, keeps exons
poly a tail = provides protection from hydrolytic enzymes
5 prime guanine - marks start for ribosomes
template strand
DNA strand 3’ to 5’ read this way. rna is layed down also called noncoding
ligase
glue- bonds together okazaki frags
dna polymerase
lays down matching bases
primase
primes the strand for DNA poly
helicase
breaks down the hydrogen bonds of the bases
3’ end of a DNA strand
OH
5’ end of DNA strand
phosphate group
natural selection
the more favorable trait that contributes to an organisms survival and reproduction
artificial selection
traits that are deliberately bred by humans - ex- pugs
disruptive selection
2 extremes are preffered over the intermediate
stabilizing selection
intermediate favored over the 2 extremes
directional selection
one extreme favored over all others
genetic drift
reduction in population size due to microevolution
bottleneck
natural disaster resulting in reduced population
founders effect
small pop is isolated from origanal pop= random occurrence
p
freq of dom ALLELE
q
freq of rec ALLELE
p²
freq of homo Dom= TRAITS
q²
freq of homo rec= TRAITS
evidence of evolution
biochemical = dna /proteins MOST RELIABLE
morphological = structures
biogeography - area of organisms
species
2 organisms that produce fertile viable offspring
behavior speciation
different behaviors / rituals PREZYGOTIC
temperal speciation
wrong timing/seasons LAURENS BAT PREZYGOTIC
geographic speciation
BARRIER - wall of china PREZYGOTIC
mechanical speciation
atomically incapable ex- snails PREZYGOTIC
gametic
2 gametes unable to fuse ex- urchins PREZYGOTIC
reduced hybrid fertility
offspring not fertile = unicorn ! POSTZYGOTIC
reduced hybrid viability
offspring isn’t healthy/ viable POSTZYGOTIC
hybrid breakdown
first gen=ok ! the rest decrease in viablity and fertility like inbreeding POSTZYGOTIC
sympatric
same geographic regions
allopatric
different geographical regions
autotroph
capture energy from physical or chemical source = photsynthesis
heterotroph
capture energy from other organisms
endotherm
metabolize body temp through metabolism
ectotherm
maintain body temp through behaviors = going in sunlight aggression etc.
rate of increase
birth rate -death rate r=b-d
density dependent factors
factors that INTENSIFIES as population increases ex- compitition, disease
density independent factors
factors that affect all indivs regardless of pop density- ex-natural disaster
parasitism
(+ / -)
mutualism
(+/+)
commensalism
(+ / 0)
five things that lead to evolution
small pop
selective mating
mutations
gene flow
natural selection
homologous structures
similar features = common ancestor
analogous structures
similar features = no common ancestor
vestigual structures
not needed anymore structures = wisdom stteth
intrasexual selection
behavior that is aggressive to get the mate
intersexual selection
behavior to impress mate to reproduce