ap bio units 6-8 :0

inducible operon

starts off ends on

repressible operon

able to be repressed- starts on ends off

nondisjunction

result of extra chrom -.> down syndrome/ Edwards disorder

frameshift mutation

addition/ deletion of a base

nonsense mutation

changing one amino acid (AA) to a stop codon

Missense mutation

changes one AA for another

modifications

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splicing - removes introns, keeps exons

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poly a tail = provides protection from hydrolytic enzymes

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5 prime guanine - marks start for ribosomes

template strand

DNA strand 3’ to 5’ read this way. rna is layed down also called noncoding

ligase

glue- bonds together okazaki frags

dna polymerase

lays down matching bases

primase

primes the strand for DNA poly

helicase

breaks down the hydrogen bonds of the bases

3’ end of a DNA strand

OH

5’ end of DNA strand

phosphate group

natural selection

the more favorable trait that contributes to an organisms survival and reproduction

artificial selection

traits that are deliberately bred by humans - ex- pugs

disruptive selection

2 extremes are preffered over the intermediate

stabilizing selection

intermediate favored over the 2 extremes

directional selection

one extreme favored over all others

genetic drift

reduction in population size due to microevolution

bottleneck

natural disaster resulting in reduced population

founders effect

small pop is isolated from origanal pop= random occurrence

p

freq of dom ALLELE

q

freq of rec ALLELE

p²

freq of homo Dom= TRAITS

q²

freq of homo rec= TRAITS

evidence of evolution

biochemical = dna /proteins MOST RELIABLE

morphological = structures

biogeography - area of organisms

species

2 organisms that produce fertile viable offspring

behavior speciation

different behaviors / rituals PREZYGOTIC

temperal speciation

wrong timing/seasons LAURENS BAT PREZYGOTIC

geographic speciation

BARRIER - wall of china PREZYGOTIC

mechanical speciation

atomically incapable ex- snails PREZYGOTIC

gametic

2 gametes unable to fuse ex- urchins PREZYGOTIC

reduced hybrid fertility

offspring not fertile = unicorn ! POSTZYGOTIC

reduced hybrid viability

offspring isn’t healthy/ viable POSTZYGOTIC

hybrid breakdown

first gen=ok ! the rest decrease in viablity and fertility like inbreeding POSTZYGOTIC

sympatric

same geographic regions

allopatric

different geographical regions

autotroph

capture energy from physical or chemical source = photsynthesis

heterotroph

capture energy from other organisms

endotherm

metabolize body temp through metabolism

ectotherm

maintain body temp through behaviors = going in sunlight aggression etc.

rate of increase

birth rate -death rate r=b-d

density dependent factors

factors that INTENSIFIES as population increases ex- compitition, disease

density independent factors

factors that affect all indivs regardless of pop density- ex-natural disaster

parasitism

(+ / -)

mutualism

(+/+)

commensalism

(+ / 0)

five things that lead to evolution

small pop

selective mating

mutations

gene flow

natural selection

homologous structures

similar features = common ancestor

analogous structures

similar features = no common ancestor

vestigual structures

not needed anymore structures = wisdom stteth

intrasexual selection

behavior that is aggressive to get the mate

intersexual selection

behavior to impress mate to reproduce