ap bio units 6-8 :0

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inducible operon

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55 Terms

1

inducible operon

starts off ends on

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repressible operon

able to be repressed- starts on ends off

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nondisjunction

result of extra chrom -.> down syndrome/ Edwards disorder

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frameshift mutation

addition/ deletion of a base

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nonsense mutation

changing one amino acid (AA) to a stop codon

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Missense mutation

changes one AA for another

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modifications


splicing - removes introns, keeps exons


poly a tail = provides protection from hydrolytic enzymes


5 prime guanine - marks start for ribosomes

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template strand

DNA strand 3’ to 5’ read this way. rna is layed down also called noncoding

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ligase

glue- bonds together okazaki frags

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dna polymerase

lays down matching bases

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primase

primes the strand for DNA poly

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helicase

breaks down the hydrogen bonds of the bases

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13

3’ end of a DNA strand

OH

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5’ end of DNA strand

phosphate group

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15

natural selection

the more favorable trait that contributes to an organisms survival and reproduction

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artificial selection

traits that are deliberately bred by humans - ex- pugs

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disruptive selection

2 extremes are preffered over the intermediate

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stabilizing selection

intermediate favored over the 2 extremes

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directional selection

one extreme favored over all others

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genetic drift

reduction in population size due to microevolution

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bottleneck

natural disaster resulting in reduced population

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founders effect

small pop is isolated from origanal pop= random occurrence

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p

freq of dom ALLELE

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q

freq of rec ALLELE

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freq of homo Dom= TRAITS

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freq of homo rec= TRAITS

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evidence of evolution

biochemical = dna /proteins MOST RELIABLE

morphological = structures

biogeography - area of organisms

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species

2 organisms that produce fertile viable offspring

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behavior speciation

different behaviors / rituals PREZYGOTIC

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temperal speciation

wrong timing/seasons LAURENS BAT PREZYGOTIC

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geographic speciation

BARRIER - wall of china PREZYGOTIC

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mechanical speciation

atomically incapable ex- snails PREZYGOTIC

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gametic

2 gametes unable to fuse ex- urchins PREZYGOTIC

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reduced hybrid fertility

offspring not fertile = unicorn ! POSTZYGOTIC

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reduced hybrid viability

offspring isn’t healthy/ viable POSTZYGOTIC

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hybrid breakdown

first gen=ok ! the rest decrease in viablity and fertility like inbreeding POSTZYGOTIC

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sympatric

same geographic regions

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allopatric

different geographical regions

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autotroph

capture energy from physical or chemical source = photsynthesis

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heterotroph

capture energy from other organisms

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endotherm

metabolize body temp through metabolism

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ectotherm

maintain body temp through behaviors = going in sunlight aggression etc.

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rate of increase

birth rate -death rate r=b-d

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density dependent factors

factors that INTENSIFIES as population increases ex- compitition, disease

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density independent factors

factors that affect all indivs regardless of pop density- ex-natural disaster

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parasitism

(+ / -)

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mutualism

(+/+)

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commensalism

(+ / 0)

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five things that lead to evolution

small pop

selective mating

mutations

gene flow

natural selection

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50

homologous structures

similar features = common ancestor

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51

analogous structures

similar features = no common ancestor

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vestigual structures

not needed anymore structures = wisdom stteth

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intrasexual selection

behavior that is aggressive to get the mate

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intersexual selection

behavior to impress mate to reproduce

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