apush chapter 17 crash course

What was the first industrial revolution?

Textile machines run by waterpower, steamboats, erie canal, market revolution

What was hte second industrial revolutino?

Increased economic/industrial output

What were natural resources that contributed?

Coal, iron ore, petroleum, timber - railroads, steamships, and steel mills used coal especially

What were human resources that caused it?

Cheap, available labor (women, children, European immigrants), and population concentrated in cities leading to mass production of godos

How did government support cause the 2IR?

Laissez-faire combined with high protective tariffs led to entrepreneurs building corporations

How did railroads contribute to 2IR?

Stimulated industry by using raw materials, transporting them and finished goods and linked w/ telegraph lines to increase commerce pace

How did new inventions contribute to 2IR?

Typewriter, cash register, elevators, steel, refrigerators, etc. Thomas edison & light bulb = factories can work longer

What factors led to the growth of corporations?

Natural resources (especially steel & petroleum), growing population, stable government

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

Supported by Bessemer process making steel widespread/durable - focused on vertical integration, largest industrial company in the world

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

Started with Drake’s oil well creating kerosene and petroleum - focused on oil refinery in Cleveland, Ohio with horizontal integration, trust/monopolies, first billionaire

What was the Social Darwinist response to the wealth distribution?

“Law of competition” with free market system - supported by Carnegie & Rockefeller (rich people) who said wealth is for people who work hard, government shouldn’t regulate market because that would reward the lazy

What was the Gospel of Wealth?

Carnegie believed wealth disparity was necessary but the rich should donate for the public good

Who was Horatio Alger and what was the Self-Made Man?

Told story of how young broke boy became rich with hard work and honesty - reassured people that the self-made man can succeed even amongst big dominant corporations

What was the socialist critique of the wealth disparity?

Robber barons - big businesses being close to government lets rich ceos exploit workers, but divided over solution

What were working conditions like for most laborers?

Owners huge profits while workers barely earned salaries - had ten hour days in factories, six days a week with no safety regulations

What were the Knights of Labor?

Unified all working men and women into a national “cooperative commonwealth” - wanted to combine all wages to purchase factories. Huge membership, died out w/ Haymarket Square Riot

What was the American Federation of Labor?

Skilled workers in craft unions for concrete bread-and-butter goals, most powerful union w/ Samuel Gompers

Who were the Industrial Workers of the World?

one big union but focused on social/class conflict - wanted socialist economic system (gov owns industry/natural resources) but were called too radical

What were the differences between the labor unions?

Knights & IWW both skilled and unskilled but knights cooperative, iww class conflict and afl was skilled workers, no violence, yes concrete goals

What was the Great Railroad STrike of 1877?

Panic of 1873 → wage cuts in Baltimore and Ohio Railroad which spread to California - first major interstate strike in history, shut down by Hayes and federal troops

What was the Homestead STrike of 1892?

Group of AFL vs. Frick’s of Carnegies who wanted to replace skilled workers with machinery - strikers shot Pinkertons, gov of pennsylvania shuts down strike with troops

What was the Pullman Strike of 1894?

Pullman vs. employees who had wages cut - workers joined American Railway Union led by Debs and boycotted cars, shutting down rail traffic - shut down by Cleveland federal troops, Debs leader of socialist party