Historical Context

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25 Terms

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The Enlightenment

A European intellectual period where individuals strayed from religious traditions and opt for art, politics, and pihlosophy

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The Industrial Revolution

A European movement where societies moved from an agrarian society to an industrial one as a result of technological advancement.

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Capitalism

An economic system that is driven by profitmaking and competition between the owners of production.

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The French Revolution

A period of political and social change in which citizens called for equality and freedom

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Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

  • defined ‘sociology’ as a science of society

  • a positivist

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Positivism

A scientific approach to knowledge based on ‘positive’ facts as opposed to mere speculation

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Karl Marx (1818-1883)

  • Evolutionary view of social life

  • Raised the theory of historical materialism

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Historical materialism

the social world, including individuals’s behaviours and perspectives, are shaped by the environment they reside in

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Durkheim

  • Society as ‘sui generis’: as existing independently of individuals

  • Individuals share a ‘collective conscience’

  • Societies as moving from mechanical to organic solidarity

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Weber

  • Society as the outcome of the thoughts and actions of individuals

  • Beliefs and values make societies distinct

  • Capitalism and industrialisation as a result of the turn to rationality

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Functionalism

Tends to see society as something like a body - all the parts need to work together to be operational

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Anomie

As societies increasingly individualise and experience greater freedom, there is a risk or decline in social solidarity and moral direction.

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Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

  • Values and morals are the social glue that holds a society together

  • A society must have mechanisms that align their values and norms so that society works together in a cohesive fashion

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Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

the process in which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, behaviours, and social skills of their society and cultures

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Socialisation

the process in which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, behaviours, and social skills of their society and cultures

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Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

  • Interested in face-to-face interactions between two or more people.

  • Compares social life to actors performing in a theatre

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Post-structuralism

  • How words and ideas change depending on who’s using them and the situation

  • Questions if there are any absolute truths and realising that language shapes how we see the world.

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Post-structuralism

  • How words and ideas change depending on who’s using them and the situation

  • Questions if there are any absolute truths and realising that language shapes how we see the world.

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Michael Foucault (1926-1984)

  • Power operates through discourses

  • Governmentality - which is a rationality enacted upon individuals who are free.

  • Sexuality has been constructed through knowledge discourse

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Theory

  • An explanation based on evidence and reasoning why, and how it happens

  • It can be proved through experiments

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Concept

  • An abstract idea or a general notion that represents something in our mind

  • The building block to a theory

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Macro theory

looks at large scale social life - at how networks and systems shape society as a whole

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Micro theory

explains interaction and experience in everyday life

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Meso theory

explores the relationship between the micro and macro

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Paradigm

A way of thinking that acts as a framework in sociology (e.g schools, traditions and styles)