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glutamate
major excitatory signal, the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain
where does glutamate originate from?
in the brain in neurons and glial cells
where does glutamate go to?
synaptic connections in CNS
how does affect behavior?
glutamatergic transmission uses ionotropic AMPA receptors that when activated lead to sodium entering the postsynaptic cell.
what does glutamate do to us?
regulates the CNS, arousal, learning, and memory
Serotonin (5-HT)
amine neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan
where does serotonin originate from?
synthesized in raphe nuclei (hypothalamus, thalamus, cortex, basal ganglia), fibers are throughout CNS
what does serotonin do to our behavior?
regulates mood, emotional behavior, sleep
what happens to serotonin inside terminal?
it is repackaged into vesicles and destroyed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) on outer membrane
what removes serotonin?
serotonin transporter and SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
GABAergic neurons are a source of
synaptic inhibition
GAD
key enzyme in GABA synthesis (excitatory to inhibitory)
GABAergic system is the major..
inhibitory neurotransmitter system
what does GABA help with?
memory, cognitive function, decision making, anxiety, sleep
where does GABA go?
about 50% of brain tissue
GABA ionotropic receptors
GABAa and GABAc, fast
GABA metabotropic receptors
GABAb, slow
GABA neuropsychiatric role?
less GABA = less synchronization
what does GABA balence?
excitatory glutamate activity
dopamine (DA)
neurotransmitter critical for motivated behavior
where does dopamine travel to?
hippocampus, both pathways
dopamines role helps with
learning, memory, emotion, reward and motivation
neuropsychiatric conditions from dopamine?
parkinsons disease, schizophrenia, addiction
mesolimbocortical pathway
in substania nigra
mesostriatal pathway
VTA, goal-directed motor action
what type of receptors are dopamine?
metabotropic
excitatory dopamine receptors
D1-like (d1+d5)
inhibitory dopamine receptors
D2-like (d2, d3, d4)
D1 stimulates
adenylyl cyclase (increases cAMP)
increased cAMP increases PKA
PKA increases Ca2+ for transmitter release
D2 inhibits
adenylyl cyclase
AC is necessary for
catalyzing ATP to cAMP
a decrease in AC causes
decreased cAMP and cellular behavior
dopamine transporters play what role?
dictate the amount of dopamine available at the synapse
dopamine converts to
norepinephrine
norepinephrines role on our behavior
fight or flight, arousal , increases sympathetic nervous system, activating HPA axis
where is norepinephrine synthesized?
locus coeruleus
what type of receptors does norepinephrine have?
metabotropic
norepinephrine excitatory receptors
a1 + B
norepinephrine inhibitory receptor
a2
where does norepinephrine travel?
all over brain, limbic system
norepinephrine converts to
epinephrine
epinephrine (adrenaline)
increases arousal, peripheral fight or flight, does not cross blood brain barrier
epinephrine functions primarily in
PNS
norepinephrine primarily functions in
CNS
what are B receptors important for?
increasing cardiac output during stressful events
what receptors does epinephrine have?
adrenergic (same as norepinephrine)
cholinergic (Ach) neurons
motor neurons in brain and spinal cord
inhibited Ache causes?
decreased HR and blood pressure
acetylcholine (ACh)
endogenous ligand for cholinergic system
what is the cholinergic systems role?
alters cognition and perception
where does the acetylcholine go?
PNS and cholinergic system
acetylcholine ionotropic/nicotinic ACh receptors
ACh binds via sodium entering post-synaptic cell
NAchRs
primary signaling mechanismism at neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine metabotropic/muscarinic ACh receptors
either excites or inhibits increasing or decreasing potassium and calcium ions
acetylcholine neuropsychiatric disorder
alzeihmer’s
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