Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and their relatives

Phylum Psilotophyta - the whisk ferns

• sporophytes with dichotomously forking stems

• above ground stems arise from rhizomes beneath surface of the ground

• have enations along stem (no leaves or roots)

Enations

tiny, green, superficially leaflike, veinless, photosynthetic flaps of tissue

Phylum Psilotophyta reproduction

• sporangia fused in threes and produced at tips of branches

• gametophytes develop from spores beneath ground

• the zygote develops a foot and rhizome that separates

Phylum Lycophyta - The ground pines, spike mosses, and Quilworts

• Sporophytes have microphylls

• have true roots and stems

Phylum Lycophyta reproduction

• sporangia in axils of sporophylls

• heterospory

• spores grow into independent gametophytes

Sporophylls

sporangium bearing leaves

Phylum Equisetophyta - The horsetails and scouting rushes

• branched and unbranched forms

• stems joined and ribbed

• microphylls in whorls at nodes

• stomata in grooves between ribs

mircophylls

scale-like leaves

Carinal Canals

conduct water with xylem and phloem outside

Vallecular canals

outside carinal canals and contain air

Phylum Equisetophyta reproduction

• asexual by fragmentation of rhizomes

• sexual via tips of stems with sporangia connected to sporangiaphores

Phylum Polypodiophyta - the ferns

• leaves are megophylls are referred to as fronds

• require water for reproduction

phylum Polypodiophyta

• sporophyte is consipuous phase

• fronds, rhizomes, roots and fronds are coiled up then unroll and expand

• Sporangia is stalked with row of annulus

annululs

row of brownish cells that catapults spores out of the sporangium

indusia

protective tissue that surrounds the sori

Phylum Polypodiophyta reproduction

• spores released an grow into gametophytes called prothali

• gametophyte portion of it dies and leaves sporophyte growing independentley

Lichen Layers

• Upper cortex: protective layer

• Algal layer: algae cells scattered among hyphae

• Medulla: loosely packed hyphae

• lower cortex: covered with hyphae called rhizomes for anchorage

Crustose

a lichen that is attached to or embedded in substrate over entire lower surface

Foliose

A lichen that contains leaf-like thalli which overlap

Fructicose

a lichen that resembles miniature upright shrubs, or hang from festoons from branches