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Argument

A group of statements of which one (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises). An argument contains a minimum of 1 premise and 1 conclusion.

Statement

A sentence that is either true or false

Prmises

The information intended to provide support for a conclusion.

Truth value

the truth or falsity of a statement

Proposition

The information content imparted by a statement, or, simply put, its meaning.

Inference

The term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process that is expressed by an argument.

Inferential claim

If a passage expresses a reasoning process—that the conclusion follows from the premises—then we say that it makes an inferential claim.

Explanation

Provides reasons for why or how an event occurred. By themselves, explanations are not arguments; however, they can form part of an argument.

Truth value analysis

determines if the information in the premises is accurate, correct, or true

Logical analysis

determines the strength with which the premises support the conclusion

Deductive argument

An argument in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

3 Characteristics of a deductive argument

1. The argument begins with a generalization, and concludes with a specific claim.
2. The conclusion is contained within the meaning of the premises.
3. IF the premises are true, the conclusion is necessarily true.

Inductive argument

an argument that is supposed to offer probable support to its conclusion. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is improbable for the conclusion to be false.

Valid deductive argument

An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

Invalid deductive argument

assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises.

Sound

When logical analysis shows that a deductive argument is valid, and when truth value analysis of the premises shows that they are all true, then the argument is Sound.

Unsound

If a deductive argument is invalid, or if at least one of the premises is false (truth value analysis), then the argument is unsound.

Strong inductive argument

An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true. In other words, if the premises are assumed to be true, then it is improbable that the conclusion is false.

Weak inductive argument

An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion may be false.

Cogent argument

An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true.

Uncogent argument

An inductive argument is uncogent if either or both of the following conditions hold: the argument is weak, or the argument has at least one false premise.