Chemistry exam 3

As atoms get closer…

energy decreases and the stability of the system increases due to attractive forces between them.

The minimum point of a curve on a internuclear distance graph…

Bond length (equilibrium bond distance re) represents the optimal distance where the bond is most stable, and the potential energy is minimized.

If atoms get too close

the energy shoots up because nucleus- nucleus repulsion becomes large, electron clouds overlap, and atoms push each other away 

If you stretch a bond a lot 

energy goes toward zero, the part of the curve reaches zero energy again is called bond dissociation

Deeper well

Stronger bond, means you have to add more energy to break the bond

Narrow well

stiffer well, the bond resists stretching, vibrates rapidly, requires high- frequency IR light

Wide well 

More flexible bond, vibrates lower IR frequency 

Leftward minimum

smaller Re 

Rightward minimum

larger Re

Higher change in EN 

More polar the bond

EN: 0- 0.4

nonpolar covalent EN

EN: 0.5- 1.7

polar covalent

EN: >1.7

ionic (very polar)

Trigonal Planar dipoles

can cancel out

Tetrahedral dipoles

can cancel out

Trigonal Pyramidal dipoles

DO NOT CANCEL 

Bent dipoles

DO NOT CANCEL OUT 

Linear dipoles

may cancel IF THEY ARE EQUAL

Trigonal Bipyramidal dipoles

nonpolar 

seesaw dipole

always polar

T-shaped dipoles

always polar

Octahedral dipole

when symmetrical, nonpolar

square pyramidal dipoles

always polar 

Square planar dipoles

nonpolar when symmetrical

Alkane

carbon-carbon single bonds

Alkene

carbon-carbon double bonds

Alkyne

carbon-carbon triple bonds

Aromatic

Ring with alternating single and double bonds

Alcohol

OH group branched off a carbon

Aldehyde

Carbonyl on a terminal carbon with a hydrogen branched off the carbonyl

Ether

Oxygen bonded between two carbon chains

Amine

Nitrogen bonded between three carbon chains or hydrogen

Ketone

Carbonyl bonded between two carbon chains

Carboxylic Acid

Carbonyl on a terminal carbon with an OH group branched off the carbonyl

Ester

Carbonyl with an oxygen branched off the carbonyl between two carbon chains

Amide

Carbonyl with nitrogen branched off the carbonyl with a combination of carbon chains and/or hydrogens attached

Fluoro

A fluorine atom attached to a parent chain

Chloro

A chlorine atom attached to a parent chain

Bromo

A bromine atom attached to a parent chain

Nitro

A nitrite atom attached to a parent chain

Amino

An amine group attached to a parent chain

Iodo

An iodine atom attached to a parent chain

phenyl

A benzene ring as a substituent group

hydroxyl

An OH group as a substituent group

methyl

A methane molecule attached to a parent chain

ethyl

An ethane molecule attached to a parent chain

propyl

A propane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

isopropyl

A propane molecule attached from the second carbon to a parent chain

butyl

A butane molecule attached to a parent chain

sec-butyl

A butane molecule attached from the second carbon to a parent chain

tert-butyl

A butane molecule with a carbon atom surrounded by 3 "methyl" groups attached to a parent chain

isobutyl

A butane molecule with 4 carbons making a "Y" shape at the end, attached to a parent chain.

pentyl

A pentane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

hexyl

A hexane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

heptyl

A heptane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

octyl

An octane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

nonyl

A nonane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

decyl

A decane molecule attached from the first carbon to a parent chain

cyclopropyl

A triangle attached to a parent chain

cyclobutyl

A square attached to a parent chain

cyclopentyl

A pentagon attached to a parent chain

cyclohexyl

A hexagon attached to a parent chain

cycloheptyl

A heptagon attached to a parent chain

cyclooctyl

An octagon attached to a parent chain

cyclononyl

A nonagon attached to a parent chain

cyclodecyl

A decagon attached to a parent chain

methoxy

A one carbon ether substituent group

ethoxy

A two carbon ether substituent group

propoxy

A three carbon ether substituent group

isopropoxy

An isopropyl ether substituent group

butoxy

A four carbon ether substituent group

isobutoxy

An isobutyl ether substituent group

sec-butoxy

A sec-butyl ether substituent group

tert-butoxy

A tert-butyl ether substituent group

pentoxy

A five carbon ether substituent group

hexoxy

A six carbon ether substituent group

heptoxy

A seven carbon ether substituent group

octoxy

An eight carbon ether substituent group

nonoxy

A nine carbon ether substituent group

decoxy

A ten carbon ether substituent group

cyclopropoxy

A triangle ether substituent group

cyclobutoxy

A square ether substituent group

cyclopentoxy

A pentagon ether substituent group

cyclohexoxy

A hexagon ether substituent group

cycloheptoxy

A heptagon ether substituent group

cyclooctoxy

An octagon ether substituent group

cyclononoxy

A nonagon ether substituent group

cyclodecoxy

A decagon ether substituent group

phenol

Common name for a benzene ring with an OH group

benzoic acid

Common name for a benzene ring with a carboxyl (carboxylic acid) group

aniline

Common name for a benzene ring with an amino group

toluene

Common name for a benzene ring with a methyl group

carbonyl

A carbon-oxygen double bond

Linear

Electron group arrangement of 2 electron groups (AX2). Forms an ideal bond angle of 180 degrees (Ex. CO2, BeCl2)

Trigonal Planar

Electron group arrangement of 3 electron groups (AX3). Forms ideal bond angles of 120 degrees (Ex. NO3-, SO3)

Tetrahedral

Electron group arrangement of 4 electron groups (AX4). Forms ideal bond angles of 109.5 degrees (Ex. CH4, SiCl4, ClO4-)

Trigonal Bipyramidal

Electron group arrangement of 5 electron groups (AX5). Forms ideal bond angles of 120 degrees (equatorial) and 90 degrees (axial) (Ex. PCl5, SOF4)

Octahedral

Electron group arrangement of 6 electron groups (AX6). Forms ideal bond angles of 90 degrees (Ex. SF6, IOF5)

Bent

Molecular shape resulting from 2 bonding groups and 1 lone pair (AX2E). Forms bond angles of

Trigonal Pyramidal

Molecular shape resulting from 3 bonding groups and 1 lone pair (AX3E). Forms bond angles of