Exam 4 Notes on First Aid and Elderly Care

A comprehensive set of flashcards designed to cover key concepts in first aid and elderly care based on the provided lecture notes.

What is first aid?

First aid is the immediate initial assistance given to a person who is ill or injured.

What is triage?

Triage is the process of classifying a group of patients according to the severity of their injuries and need for care.

What is the purpose of CPR?

To keep blood circulating and carrying oxygen to the brain, heart, and other parts of the body and to keep the airway open.

What does AED stand for?

Automated External Defibrillator.

When should an AED be administered?

An AED should be administered within the first 3-5 minutes.

What are the components of CAB in emergency assessment?

C stands for Circulation, A stands for Airway, and B stands for Breathing.

What is the significance of an absent or abnormal pulse?

It indicates a life-threatening situation and potential cardiac arrest.

What maneuver is used to open the airway if a cervical spine injury is suspected?

Jaw thrust maneuver.

What are signs of troubled breathing?

Cyanosis, wheezing, stridor, snoring, and gasping.

What assessment should be performed for breathing?

Check if air is leaving the mouth, listen for breath sounds, and observe rhythm, depth, and rate.

What is clinical death?

A condition where heartbeat and respiration have stopped.

What is biological death?

Permanent cellular damage caused by the lack of oxygen.

Define brain death.

Irreversible loss of brain function, including complete loss of brain stem function.

What is anaphylactic shock?

A severe allergic reaction that can lead to cardiovascular collapse.

Common causes of asphyxiation?

Choking, inhalation of gases other than oxygen, and drowning.

What should be done in cases of electric shock?

Ensure electrical currents are de-energized before beginning CPR.

What should you do if the victim can cough forcibly?

Do not interfere.

What is hypovolemic shock?

A type of shock that results from a decrease in fluid volume due to bleeding or severe fluid loss.

What are nursing interventions for shock?

Establish an airway, control bleeding, and provide fluid replacement.

How to assess for internal bleeding?

Look for symptoms like vertigo, hemoptysis, hematemesis, and dark tarry stool.

Describe the signs of a closed wound.

Edema, discoloration, deformity, pain, and tenderness.

What is an open wound?

A wound that has openings and breaks in the mucous membrane or skin.

What is tetanus toxoid?

An active immunization agent that provides active immunity to tetanus infection.

What is a pressure bandage?

A bandage applied firmly to control bleeding.

What are the symptoms of poisoning?

Respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, severe nausea, bronchospasms, twitching, and paralysis.

What signs indicate an emergency for allergic reactions?

Urticaria, wheezing, generalized pruritus, edema of lips and tongue, and respiratory arrest.

What differentiates heat exhaustion from heat stroke?

Heat exhaustion involves excessive perspiration without rehydration, while heat stroke involves overheating where perspiration is insufficient.

What are the signs of hypothermia?

Shivering, lethargy, confusion, and potential respiratory arrest.

Describe frostbite.

Freezing and damage to body cells, leading to color changes and potential tissue death.

What is a closed fracture?

A fracture where the skin overlying the injury is intact.

What is an open fracture?

A fracture with an open wound over the fracture site.

What are the signs of a dislocation?

Pain, edema, deformity, and inability to move the affected joint.

What is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease in older adults?

Changes in blood vessels and the heart leading to decreased efficiency.

What are non-modifiable risks for heart disease?

Age, gender, and genetics.

What does COPD stand for?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

Tobacco use.

What is the purpose of range of motion exercises in older adults?

To maintain muscle strength and mobility.

Define diabetes mellitus.

A condition where the body cannot produce or properly use insulin.

What is the risk associated with dehydration in older adults?

It can be exacerbated by medications and reduce their overall health.

What are common types of urinary incontinence?

Stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, and functional incontinence.

What is the intervention for nocturia in older adults?

Limiting fluids in the evening and managing diuretic medications.

What change occurs to the kidneys with age?

Kidney function decreases.

What is the importance of monitoring vital signs in older adults?

To detect any immediate health issues such as increases in blood pressure or pulse.

What does 'orthostatic hypotension' mean?

A drop in blood pressure when changing positions, commonly seen in older adults.

What are the nursing interventions for patients with dysphagia?

Using thickened liquids, proper positioning, and assessing dietary needs.

What are the signs of gastrointestinal cancer?

Change in bowel habits, oral lesions, occult blood, and unexplained weight loss.

What should be included in the assessment of an older adult’s skin?

Hydration status, lesions, and nail condition.

What interventions can help manage constipation in older adults?

Increasing fluid intake, exercise, and a high-fiber diet.

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma.

What are common vision changes in older adults?

Presbyopia, cataracts, and diminished night vision.

When should immediate medical attention be sought for a head injury?

If there are indicators of concussion or loss of consciousness.

What is the purpose of the Good Samaritan laws?

To protect health care providers from liability when offering emergency assistance.

What factors can increase the risk of fractures in older adults?

Low bone density, fall risk, and lack of physical activity.

What treatments exist for varicose veins?

Compression stockings, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

What is the recommended dietary source for older adults for calcium?

Dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods.

How often should blood pressure be checked in older adults?

Every two years for ages 50+.

What is the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular disease?

Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

What role does estrogen play in cardiovascular health in aging women?

Declining levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk.

What interventions can help with managing arthritis pain?

Medication, physical therapy, and regular exercise.

What should older adults monitor regularly to assess their health?

Vitals signs, physical activity, and symptoms of illness.

How can urinary incontinence affect an older adult's quality of life?

It can lead to social isolation and decreased mobility.

What is the recommended nutrition for older adults to maintain health?

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

What are signs that an older adult may be developing delirium?

Confusion, disorientation, and sudden changes in behavior.

What would indicate a stroke in an older adult?

Sudden numbness, confusion, trouble speaking, or severe headache.

How frequently should older adults receive a comprehensive physical examination?

Annually after age 75.

What is hypoglycemia?

Low blood sugar, which can cause symptoms like dizziness and confusion.

What can exacerbate respiratory issues in older adults?

Smoking, exposure to pollutants, and pre-existing lung conditions.

What is the importance of hydration in older adults?

It prevents urinary tract infections and supports kidney function.

How does vision affect safety in older adults?

Poor vision can increase the risk of falls and accidents.

What is a common effect of aging on metabolism?

A slower metabolic rate, leading to weight gain.

How can caregivers support the nutritional needs of elderly patients?

By providing accessible meals and encouraging proper hydration.

What considerations should be taken for pain management in older adults?

Assessing their unique responses and potential side effects of medications.

What is one common neurologic change seen in older adults?

Slower reflexes and processing speed.

What is the best practice for identifying medication interactions in older patients?

A thorough review of their medication history and current prescriptions.

What lifestyle changes can help maintain cognitive function in older adults?

Regular physical activity and mental stimulation through puzzles or reading.

How do social interactions impact the mental health of older adults?

They can reduce feelings of isolation and improve mood.

What effects do chronic diseases have on older adults' mental health?

Increased risk for depression and anxiety.

Why is it important for the elderly to have regular dental check-ups?

To prevent oral health problems that can affect overall health.

What role does fiber play in older adults' diets?

It aids in digestion and prevents constipation.

How can community resources help aging adults?

By providing access to social services, healthcare, and social activities.

What screening is recommended for osteoporosis in older women?

Bone density testing.

What is the significance of regular exercise for older adults?

It helps maintain muscle mass and joint flexibility, reducing fall risk.

How can caregivers assist in managing medications for older adults?

By organizing pills, setting reminders, and educating them about their medications.

What strategies can be used to communicate with older adults experiencing cognitive decline?

Clear language, patience, and minimizing distractions.

What environmental modifications can benefit older adults living alone?

Removing tripping hazards and improving lighting.

What are the essential vaccinations recommended for older adults?

Flu, pneumonia, and shingles vaccinations.

How does aging affect the cardiovascular system?

Increased stiffness of blood vessels and decreased cardiac output.

Why is monitoring blood pressure critical in the elderly?

To prevent complications related to hypertension.

What is the role of social security for older adults?

It provides financial support to ensure a basic standard of living.

What factors contribute to falls in older adults?

Balance issues, muscle weakness, and environmental hazards.

How does chronic pain impact the quality of life in older adults?

It can lead to decreased mobility and increased depression.

What should an assessment of mobility in older adults include?

Gait evaluation and ability to perform activities of daily living.

Define dysphagia.

Difficulty swallowing.

What are ways to support hydration in older adults?

Offering fluids regularly and using encouraging strategies.

What nutritional concerns arise in older adults post-surgery?

Risk of malnutrition and hydration loss.

What changes occur in the musculoskeletal system with aging?

Decreased strength and increased joint stiffness.

How can caregivers help prevent skin breakdown in hospitalized older adults?

By repositioning regularly and keeping skin clean and moisturized.

What are the benefits of daily physical activities for the elderly?

Improved strength, flexibility, and mental health.

How should a nurse assess pain in non-verbal older adults?

By observing body language, facial expressions, and physiological signs.

What key assessments should be taken before prescribing medications to older adults?

Understanding their medical history and current medications.