AP Bio biotechnology

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

transformation

pick up naked foreign DNA wherever it may be hanging out and incorporate the bits into their own DNA

transport

bacteria have _ proteins the are specialized for the uptake of DNA

recombination

transformation is a form of

plasmid

small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

self replicating

plasmids are ___ ______

plasmids

____ can be exchanged between bacteria

plasmid, bacteria

inset new gene into a ____ , insert plasmid into ___ (vector), bacteria now expresses new gene

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

restriction endonuclease

A bacterial enzyme that recognizes a specific DNA nucleotide sequence and that cuts the double helix at a specific site within the sequence.

methylation

a biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

palindrome

A word or an expression that is spelled the same backward and forward

restriction site

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme.

sticky ends

the uneven ends of a double-stranded DNA molecule that has been cut with a restriction enzyme

sticky ends

can glue DNA together at the ___ ___

code for different proteins in different organisms

Why do genes mix together?

vector

a DNA molecule (often plasmid or virus) that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA technique

genetically modified organisms

enables plants to produce new proteins: protect crops from insects, extend growing season, improve quality of food

restriction enzymes, ligase, plasmids

cut,, paste, copy

DNA fragments

Pieces of DNA strand cut by restriction enzymes

gel electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

negatively

when DNA is ___ charged, it moved toward the positive side in gel electropheresis

smaller, larger

in gel electrophoresis, _ fragments travel farther and ____ fragments travel slower and lag behind

DNA fingerprinting

comparing DNA banding pattern between different individuals

introns

Why is each persons DNA pattern different?

STRS

Short tandem repeats used in DNA profiling.

restriction fragment length polymorphism

RFLPs

RFLPs

differences in homologous DNA sequences that are reflected in different lengths of restriction fragments produced when the DNA is cut up with restriction enzymes

polymorphism

the individual differences of form among the members of a species

PCR

method for making many copies of a specific segment of DNA

polymerase chain reaction

PCR

PCR

What reaction is this needed for (hint: to make more copies)- template strand, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, primer

PCR Primers

need to know a bit of the sequence to make proper _; can bracket target sequence

PCR primers

start with long piece of DNA and copy a specified shorter segment, define section of DNA to be cloned

denaturation, annealing, extension

3 steps of PCR process

denaturation

the step of PCR when the DNA sample is heated to 90 to separate strands

annealing

Binding of primers in PCR

extension

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by extending the primers

Taq polymerase

A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of PCR

selectable marker

a gene introduced into a cell, especially a bacterium or to cells in culture, that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection.

selecting agent

An environmental condition that "selects" the best adapted members of a population to survive.

bioassay

test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model.

assay

to test, analyze

interpolate

to insert; change by adding new words or material

probing

searching or investigating

DNA hybridization

the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule.

southern blotting

A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.

shotgun cloning

gene libraries made by cloning random genome fragments

colony blots

Technique to locate specific genes in a DNA library by exposing a film to bacterial colonies.

introns

If you want to clone a human gene into bacteria, you cant have

reverse transcriptase

a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template

retroviruses

use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA

cDNA

collection of only the coding sequences of expressed genes

copy DNA

cDNA

cDNA

Complementary DNA. DNA produced synthetically by reverse transcribing mRNA. Because of eukaryotic mRNA splicing, cDNA contains no introns.

microarrays

a grid of DNA segments of known sequence that is used to test and map DNA fragments, antibodies, or proteins.

beta-lactamase

Any of a group of enzymes produced by bacteria that catalyze the chemical opening of the crucial beta-lactam ring structures in beta-lactam antibiotics

ampicillin

semisynthetic group of β-lactams that were developed for effectiveness against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms

GFP

green flourescent protein, used to tag proteins

pGLO

Plasmid containing the GFP sequence and ampicillin resistance gene, which codes for beta-lactamase.

pbad

Arabinose promoter

Regulates GFP production: on/off

araC

regulatory protein, links GFP expression to presence of arabinose