APW unit 5.1 and 5.2

Scientific Revolution

a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century

Galileo

used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas

Isaac Newton

discovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the vision of a entire universe in simple laws

Nicholas Copernicus

a Polish monk who based tables on those by Nasir Al-Din, an Islamic scholar, to correct inaccurate calendars.

Deism

God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.

Adam Smith

He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations"

Enlightenment

the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought

John Locke

sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Montesquieu

admired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power

Voltaire

wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms

Rosseau

the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community

Divine Right

with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries

Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies

absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power.

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner

Bourgeoise

middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses

Balance of Power

states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. used at Congress of Vienna after Napoleon

abolitionist movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States

creoles

Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies. often led revolutions after embracing enlightenment ideas

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.

French Revolution

Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.

Haiti

Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.

Haitian Revolution

The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).

Latin American revolutions

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes